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Heads 1- or few-flowered, crowded into dense clusters resembling single heads; pappus chaffy Anthers sub-entire at the base, either truncate or appendiculate at the apex; leaves opposite at any rate below (Eupatoriea):

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Anthers truncate at the apex

Anthers appendiculate at the apex:—

Pappus paleaceous, receptacle sometimes paleaceous
Pappus of slender hairs; receptacle always naked;
bracts of involucre 4 with sometimes a small outer
one; scandent

Florets, if homogamous and tubular, yellow; if heterogamous,
at least those of the disk yellow; or if none of the florets
yellow (Emilia) then with the bracts of the involucre 1-seriate
Anthers appendiculate at the apex (Asteroideæ) :—

Receptacle naked, smooth, or pitted; sometimes, when pitted, the edge of the pit fimbriate:

Bracts of involucre in two rows:

Anthers sub-entire at the base; florets all tubular,
those of the disk purple, of the ray filiform, yellowish
or white; pappus none or of 2 bristles; heads small
in lax panicled cymes, bracts of involucre in two
series; erect herbs

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Bracts of the involucre many-seriate, leaves alter-
nate :-

Anthers obtuse and entire at the base; florets of disk
tubular with wide limb; those of the ray filiform-
tubular or tubular only at the base, expanding into
small yellowish ligules; pappus copious and silky;
heads in dense corymbose panicles; climbers
Anthers cleft at the base; style-arms of hermaphro-
dite flower filiform, linear, or obtuse, or those of the
sterile flowers undivided (Inuloidea) :-

Flower-heads medium-sized; separate, solitary, or
in corymbose or paniculate cymes, not in globose
clusters, if clustered the cypselas with copious soft
pappus :-

Herbs; bracts of involucre narrow; flowers not
corymbose:-

Anther-cells tailed at the base, the tails of
adjacent anthers confluent

Anther-cells sagittate at the base, not tailed
or connate..

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2. ELEPHANTOPUS.

3. ADENOSTEMMA.

4. AGERATUM.

5. MIKANIA.

6. DICHROCEPHALA.

7. MICROGLOSSA.

8. BLUMEA.

9. LAGGERA.

10. PLUCHEA.

11. SPHÆRANTHUS.

(calyculus) at their bases; heads homogamous; anthercells sub-entire at the base; receptacle naked (Senecionida) :

Leaves alternate; pappus of fine hairs, style-arms of hermaphrodite flowers truncate or obtuse, penicillate or with a hairy tip:

Heads ebracteate; florets purple

Heads bracteolate; florets yellow Receptacles paleaceous; anthers sub-entire at the base; bracts of involucre 1- to many-seriate; heads usually radiate, heterogamous; style-arms truncate or appendiculate, or those of the sterile florets entire; pappus of 2 to 4 arms or paleaceous or absent; leaves at the base of the stem usually opposite, those higher up opposite or alternate (Helianthoidea) :—

Pappus of only 4 bristly awns, or cup-like or absent :-
Cypselas all thick, or those of the ray-florets 3-angled
and those of the disc laterally compressed; pappus
cup-like or composed of 2 to 3 stiff chaffy or bristly
arms, with or without intermediate smaller scales or
altogether absent; leaves usually opposite :—

Inner bracts of the involucre embracing and en-
closing the cypselas of the fertile ray-florets;
pappus absent, outer bracts of involucre 5, glan-
dular

Inner bracts of the involucre all flat, scales of
receptacle flat, very narrow, usually few; disk-
florets 4-5-fid, ligules small; pappus absent, or
if present shortly 2-awned; outer bracts of invo-
lucre numerous
Scales of the receptacle concave or complicated
more or less enclosing and embracing the disk
florets:-

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12. EMILIA.

13. GYNURA.

14. SIEGESBECKIA.

15. ECLIPTA.

16. WEDELIA.

17. SPILANTHES.

18. SYNEDRELLA.

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Pappus of membranous scales; heads radiate; leaves
opposite :-

Scales of pappus feathery, fringed; heads medium-
sized.

Anthers inappendiculate at the apex; receptacle (in our
species) not paleaceous; pappus absent or reduced to a
raised rim, rarely scaly and short; leaves usually alter-
nate (Anthemidea):

Flower-heads discoid, heterogamous; pappus absent:-
Florets of the circumference very numerous; cypselas
flat or concave at the top; flower-heads globose or
hemispheric, sub-sessile; bracts of involucre in 2 series,
spreading in fruit
Florets of the circumference few; heads very small, in
racemes or panicles; cypselas ellipsoid or obovoid,

rounded at the apex

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Corollas of all the florets flatly expanded from a tubular base, ligulate, their apices 5-toothed; leaves radical or cauline and alternate, never opposite; stem always herbaceous, fistulose; sap milky (Cichorica): :

Pappus of simple hair-like bristles, at least in the central florets; florets yellow, cypselas fusiform or oblong, with glabrous or puberulous ribs

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19. BIDENS.

20. TRIDAX.

21. CENTIPEDA.

22. ARTEMISIA.

23. CREPIS.

NOTE.-The above key is taken mainly from "Bengal Plants," by Lieut.-Col. D. Prain, F.R.S., Superintendent, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb.

Herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. Leaves alternate, penninerved, entire or dentate. Heads axillary or terminal, solitary or in cymes or panicles, homogamous; flowers often few, but very rarely solitary. Involucre ovoid, globose or hemispheric, as long as or shorter than the flowers; bracts in many series, the inner longest. Receptacle naked or pitted, sometimes with short hairs. Corollas all equal, tubular, slender; lobes 5, narrow. Anther-bases obtuse, sagittate. Style-arms subulate, acute, hairy. Cypselas striate, ribbed or angled, rarely terete, truncate at the apex; pappus of many hairs, usually in two rows, the inner hairs thin and slender, the outer sometimes stout and compressed, persistent or deciduous.-DISTRIB. About 500 species, mostly American.

A large shrub or small tree; leaves sub-coriaceous; involucral bracts obtuse

Herbaceous annuals; leaves membranous; involucral bracts acuminate:

Heads few, 35 in. in diam., in long-peduncled cymes..

1. V. arborea.

2. V. chinensis.

Heads numerous, 2 to 25 in. in diam., in loose terminal corym

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1. VERNONIA ARBOREA, Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV. 218. A tree, 30 to 60 feet high; young branches as thick as a goose-quill or thinner, at first covered, like the under surfaces of the leaves and branches of the inflorescence, with short rusty tomentum, sometimes glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, entire, elliptic ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, the base rounded or cuneate; upper surface glabrous, or nearly so, except the midrib, the reticulations minute and distinct; main-nerves 8 to 14 pairs, spreading, interarching, bold and distinct on the lower surface, more faint on the upper; length 3.5 to 6 in.; breadth 1.75 to 2.75 in.; petioles 75 to 1.25 in., pubesHeads 2- to 5-flowered, collected in large open terminal panicles much longer than the leaves. Involucral bracts few, small, oblong, obtuse, less than half as long as the flowers, pubescent, concave, persistent. Corolla glabrous, bluish. Cypselas not conspicuously ribbed, short, truncate; pappus in a single row, tuberculate, white tinged with ochraceous, persistent. DC. Prod. V. 22; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 80; Clarke Comp. Ind. 23; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 239. Vernonia javanica, Blumeana and celebica, DC. 1.c. 21, 22; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 9, 10. Eupatorium celebicum and javanicum, Blume Bijdr. 903. Conyza acuminata and arborea, Wall. Cat. 3034A and 3074.

MALACCA: Griffith. SINGAPORE: Lobb; Ridley 2735, 2739, 9478; Maingay (K.D.) 948, 949, 950. PENANG: Curtis 2, 926. NEGRI SEMBILAN: Ridley 10087. SELANGOR: Ridley. PERAK: Wray 2240, 2442; King's Collector, many Numbers; Scortechini.-DISTRIB. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, China.

2. VERNONIA CHINENSIS, Less. in Linnæa, VI. 674. An erect annual with divaricate, softly puberulous to tomentose, angled branches. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, membranous, ovate elliptic elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, sub-serrate or entire. Heads few, 35 in. in diam., in lax, few-branched, axillary and terminal, open puberulous cymes, on slender peduncles longer than the leaves, 15- to 30-flowered. Involucral bracts not numerous, lanceolate, awned or acute, usually at first pubescent outside, inside glabrous, shining, 1-nerved; longer than the glabrous or glabrescent corollas. Cypselas less than 1 in. long, 4- or 5-ribbed, glabrous. Pappus scanty, white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 78; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 235. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 26 (in part). Cyanopis pubescens and C. villosa, DC. Prod. V. 69. Conyza chinensis, Lamk. Dict. II. 83 (not of Linn.). C. punctulata, Wall. Cat. 2995. Eupatorium menthafolium, Wall. Cat. Cynanthillium villosum and C. pubescens, Blume

Bijdr. 889 and 890. Centratherum chinense, Less. in Linnæa (1829) 320. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7136.

PENANG J. Scott; Curtis 931; King; Deschamps; MALACCA : Cuming; Griffith; Hullett 634. SINGAPORE: King.-DISTRIB. Malay Archipelago, Philippines.

3. VERNONIA CINEREA, Less. in Linnæa, IV. 291, and VI. 673. Herbaceous, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with more or less minute whitish pubescence everywhere; stems slender, striate. Leaves membranous with variable petioles, ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, the edges obtusely or acutely toothed, the base narrowed, both surfaces olivaceous-cinereous when dry, the upper glabrous or nearly so, the lower more or less cinereous-pubescent; length 1-5 to 3 in.; breadth 3 to 5 in.; petiole 1 to 5 in. (in the lower leaves). Heads 2 to 25 in. in diam., on 10- to 20-flowered, loose, terminal, long-peduncled, corymbose cymes with divaricate branches; bracts of peduncle very few. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate or almost awned, shorter than the florets, 1-nerved, '1 in. long, densely pubescent. Corolla pubescent, the tube very narrow lavender. Cypselas minute; pappus copious, dirty white, the outer row very short. DC. Prod. V. 24, in Wight Contrib. 6; Wall. Cat. 3008; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 234; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 11; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. V. conyzoides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 25. V. rhomboidea and V. montana, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 62. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 (in part); Wight Ic. 1076. V. abbreviata and leptophylla, DC. l.c. 25. V. laxiflora, Less. in Linnæa, VI. 646; DC. l.c. 25. V. physalifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 24. V. parviflora, linifolia, and fasciculata, Reinw. in Bl. Bijdr. 893. V. Zollingeriana, SchultzBip. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 16. V. cyanonioides, Walp. in Linnæa XIV. 509. Conyza abbreviata, Wall. Cat. 3048; C. bellidifolia, id. 3047; cinerascens, 3062; incana, 3046; linifolia, 3063; elegantula, 3049; ovata, 3097, and sub-simplex, 3003. C. cinerea, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862;

Wall. Cat. 3008. C. prolifera and C. heterophylla, Lam. Encyl. II. 84. Serratula cinerea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 60. Chrysocoma purpurea, Forst. Prod. 54. C. violacea, Schum. Pl. Guin. 384. Cyanopis decurrens, Zoll.

In all the provinces, in waste places near cultivation.-DISTRIB. All tropical countries.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Linn.

Perennial rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, penninerved, entire or dentate, mostly radical. Heads homogamous, each containing 1 to 5

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