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(or more), linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous or almost glabrous, 1-nerved, longer than the copious white pappus; corolla-lobes hairy; receptacle and cypselas silky, white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 268.

Conyza chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862;
Zoll. et Morr. Syst. Verz. 121.
Baccharis nitida, Wall. Cat. 3043.

Blume Bijdr. 898. B. longispina, C. serici-vestita, Wall. Cat. 2996B.

PENANG: Curtis 2824; Wallich 2996, 3043. SINGAPORE: Ridley 2744. PERAK: Scortechini 1471.

VAR. riparia, King & Gamble.. Young leaves and stems somewhat hairy; main-nerves of leaves 3 to 4 pairs, depressed on the upper surface. Blumea riparia, DC Prod. V. 444; Clarke Comp. Ind. 85. Conyza riparia, Blume Bijdr. 899.

PERAK: King's Collector 1214; Scortechini.—DISTRIB. Borneo.

Java,

2. BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA, DC. Prod. V. 466. A shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; young branches nearly as thick as a goose-quill, tomentose, striate. Leaves thickly membranous or sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely and unequally serrate dentate or sub-entire, acute or sub-acute, narrowed at the base; upper surface dark olivaceous-green, minutely tomentose or strigose, the lower surface with dense silky cinereous-yellowish tomentum; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces, but especially on the lower; length 2 to 3 in.; breadth 75 to 1.5 in.; petioles 2 to 75 in. long, the longer ones often with lateral auricles; in the lower part of the branches the leaves often much larger. Heads sub-cylindric, sessile, or on short pedicels, arranged in large, lax, and spreading or dense, often leafy, corymbose or panicled, axillary and terminal tawny-tomentose cymes. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, densely tomentose; hermaphrodite florets very numerous in the centre, narrowly tubular; receptacle naked. Cypselas 10-ribbed, silky; pappus copious, red. Clarke Comp. Ind. 89; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 82; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270; Prain Bengal Plants, 598. Conyza balsamifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. II. 1208; Wall. Cat. 2998; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 427. C. vestita, Wall. Cat. 2998. C. appendiculata Blume Bijdr. 895 (not of Lam.).

MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.) 3143; Hervey. PENANG: Walker 160; Scott; Curtis 29. PERAK: Scortechini; King's Collector 6343; Wray 1741. SINGAPORE: G. Thomson; Hullett 372; Ridley 2742. JOHORE: King.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

VAR. angustifolia, King & Gamble. Leaves narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, less than 5 in. broad.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 2742.

3. BLUMEA GLOMERATA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15. An erect

herb, about 18 to 24 in. high; stem at the base nearly as thick as a goose-quill, sparsely sub-glandular-pubescent, the hairs spreading. Leaves membranous, olivaceous, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, the hairs on the upper surface with bulbous bases; the lower sessile, lyrately lobed, the lobes dentate, the apex acute; the upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate, dentate. Heads from 2 to 25 in. in diam., in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3, all in the axils of small leaf-like bracts along the long slender branches, forming a pseudo-spike. Involucral bracts narrowly linear, pubescent, 1-nerved; receptacle glabrous. Outer florets with very slender corollas. Cypselas faintly 8-10-ribbed, glabrous; pappus in a single row, white, shining. DC. Prod. V. 443; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 262. B. fasciculata, DC. 1.c. 442; Clarke Comp. Ind. 81. B. fistulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, II. 187. B. holosericea, racemosa, spinellosa, gracilis, purpurea, and leptoclada, DC. 1.c. 442, 443. Conyza fistulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 429. Conyza racemosa, sericea, glomerata, gracilis, purpurea and holosericea, Wall. Cat. 3002, 3021, 3055, 3064, 3076, 3103.

PENANG: Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago,

China.

4. BLUMEA WIGHTIANA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect, little-branched herb, 1 to 3 feet high, covered everywhere with silky white, scanty or copious, soft, sub-adpressed hairs; stem terete, about as thick as a goose-quill at the base, striate, brown, and nearly glabrous (from the fall of the hairs) when old. Leaves diminishing in size from below upwards, thickly membranous, obovate-oblong or elliptic-obovate, the apex acute or sub-acute, gradually narrowed from about the middle to the short petiole; the edges with a few irregular coarse teeth, sometimes slightly lobed; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, and clothed, but especially the lower, with adpressed, short white pubescence; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces; length 1.25 to 3 in.; breadth 5 to 1.25 in.; petioles from 1 to 25 in. long or even more, sometimes auricled about the middle. Heads paniculate, about 3 or 4 in. across, axillary, solitary or in pairs (reduced cymes), or 4 to 6 in very short rounded axillary cymes on peduncles of varying length, but always short, the upper few inches of the stem crowded by a dense mass of cymes. Involucral bracts in several rows, diminishing in size outwards, the inner linear, somewhat longer than the pappus, all pubescent and 1-nerved; receptacle naked. Outer florets very numerous, their corollas very slender. Inner florets about 4, much wider than the outer. Cypselas small, puberulous ; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 435; Clarke Comp. Ind. 74; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, II. 156 (excl. syn. hymeno

phylla); Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 261. B. trichophora, parvifolia, and phyllostachya, DC. 1.c. 436, 437, 438. Conyza lactucafolia, paniculata, bifoliata, and Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part), 3090A, 3091, 3093. Erigeron molle, Don Prod. 172.

PENANG and SINGAPORE: By roadsides, not common.-DISTRIB. British India and Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa.

5. BLUMEA LACERA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect herb, 2 to 3 feet high; stems at the base nearly as thick as a goosequill, adpressed-pubescent. Leaves thickly membranous, oblanceolate obtuse or sub-acute, much narrowed to the petiole, the edges unequally and remotely dentate; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower somewhat the paler and with thin, pale pubescence; the upper glabrous, sub-scabrid; length 1-5 to 2 in.; breadth 5 to 1 in.; petiole 3 to 5 in. long. Heads 3 in. across, sub-sessile or sessile, in small rounded crowded cymes, on slender ebracteate axillary peduncles, 1 to 2-5 in. long, subtended by small leaf-like bracts, and occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear-oblong, tomentose, about as long as the pappus; receptacle naked. Heads ·4 in. across, sessile or nearly so, in a lax, shortly-branched, leafy, cymose, pubescent panicle, 12 to 18 in. long. Involucral bracts nearly uniform, linear, acuminate, 1-nerved, puberulous, as long as the pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, naked. Cypselas narrowly oblong, glabrous, not ribbed; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 436; Clarke Comp. Ind. 76; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 263. B. Musra, DC. 1.c. 435; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 28. B. villosa, Schultz-Bip. in Pl. Hohenack. n. 2a. Conyza lacera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 428; Wall. Cat. 3082. C. thyrsiflora, villosa, and Musra, Ham.; Wall. Cat. sub 3082, 3083, 3095. C. lactucifolia, DC. 1.c. 435; Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part); Burm. Fl. Ind. 180, t. 59, f. 1.

PERAK: Scortechini 141, 1430. SINGAPORE: Cantley; Hullett 227. -DISTRIB. British India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, tropical Africa.

6. BLUMEA MEMBRANACEA, DC. Prod. V. 440. A rigid erect herb, 1 to 2 feet high; stem at the base half as thick as a goose-quill, minutely pubescent from base to apex, terete, striate. Leaves thinly membranous, oblanceolate, much tapered to the base, sub-sessile, the apex acute, the edges coarsely and often irregularly dentate, sometimes lobulate; both surfaces pale olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower paler, sparsely strigose; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 2 to 3·5 in.; breadth 8 to 1.5 in.; the leaves of the upper part of the stem smaller and bract-like. Heads 25 in. in diam., sessile or sub-sessile, in spikes several inches long, from the

axils of small leaf-like bracts, arranged in a narrow pseudo-panicle occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, pubescent, 1-nerved, as long as the inner pappus. Corollas very narrow; receptacle naked. Cypselas small, glabrous; pappus white, in two rows, the outer very short. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 265. B. hymenophylla, DC. 1.c. 440. Conyza membranacea and hymenophylla, Wall. Cat. 3019, 3038. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037D. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037D. C. diffusa, Roxb.

Fl. Ind. III. 429.

PENANG: Curtis 2759; Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

9. LAGGERA, Schultz.-Bip.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, often rigid and decurrent. Heads panicled or axillary, heterogamous, disciform. Outer flowers, in several rows, fertile, filiform, the mouth minutely toothed. Disk-flowers, in several rows, fertile, tubular, 5-fid. Involucre campanulate; bracts many-rowed, narrow, often rigid, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers 2-lobed or sagittate at the base; the auricles obtuse or acute, often unequal, not tailed or connate with the adjoining anthers. Style-arms of the hermaphrodite flowers and the pappus as in Blumea.-DISTRIB. 9 or 10 species, in tropical Africa and British India.

LAGGERA FLAVA, Benth. in Gen. Pl. II. 290. A glabrous or puberulous herb, 6 to 30 in. high; stems striate, simple or corymbosely branched. Leaves membranous, shining, glabrous; the radical sometimes on short petioles; the cauline sessile; the lower cauline oblong, acute, cordate and sub-amplexicaul at the base; the upper cauline smaller and narrower than the lower, lanceolate; all sharply and unequally toothed; main-nerves about 8 pairs, distinct, like the wide reticulations. Heads few, 25 in. in diam., on slender peduncles; receptacle glabrous; corollas yellow; anthers sagittate. Cypselas minute, glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 90; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270. Blumea flava, DC. Prod. V. 439. Erigeron falcatum, Don Prod. 172; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 1877, II. 191 (excl. syn.). Conyza fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 3017.

PENANG: Wallich.-DISTRIB. British India.

This has not been collected within our area since Wallich's time.

10. PLUCHEA, Cass.

Shrubs or herbs, tomentose or glutinous. Leaves alternate, dentate or rarely entire, sometimes pinnatifid. Heads usually small, in terminal corymbose cymes, or large and sub-solitary, heterogamous, disci

form, white yellow, or lilac. Outer florets, in several series, fertile, filiform. Disk-florets, few, sterile, tubular and 5-fid. Involucre broadly ovoid or campanulate; its bracts few or in many rows, imbricate, ovate or lanceolate, dry, rigid; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas of the flowers filiform, shorter than their own styles, their apices with 3 teeth; corollas of the flowers regular, tubular, the limb slightly widened, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, their basal auricles tailed. Style-arms of the flowers filiform, entire or bifid. Cypselas small, 4- or 5-angled. Hairs of pappus slender, rigid, in a single series, free, or (in the sterile cypselas) connate in groups.-DISTRIB. About 30 species, tropical and sub-tropical.

PLUCHEA INDICA, Less.; DC. Prod. V. 451. A low shrub, glabrous or nearly so; stems smooth, terete. Leaves membranous, obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, acuminate or apiculate, narrowed to the base; edges dentate, serrate or sub-serrate; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, glandular; main-nerves 3 to 6 pairs, curving upwards, bold beneath; length 5 to 2.75 in.; breadth 3 to 1.25 in.; petioles ·1 in. to 4 in. long. Heads 25 in. in diam., in compound terminal puberulous corymbose cymes, much longer than the leaves; involucral bracts few, rather broad, obtuse. Florets of the disk 3; those of the ray numerous. Cypselas minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous; pappus scanty, spreading, reddish-white. Wight Ill. t. 131; Clarke Comp. Ind. 93; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 272; Prain Bengal Plants 600. P. foliosa, DC. 1.c. 451. Conyza corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 426; Wall. Cat. 3009. C. indica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 58. Baccharis indica, Linn.

MALACCA: Griffith. PENANG: Wallich. SINGAPORE: Kurz. DINDINGS: Curtis 3451. PERAK: Scortechini 848; King's Collector 2893. -DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Australia

11. SPHÆRANTHUS, Linn.

Annual herbs with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, toothed, decurrent. Flower-heads proper, small, heterogamous, disciform, sessile, on a common receptacle, bracteate or not, and forming solitary, globose, or ovoid, a head-like terminal cluster, usually bearing at its base an involucre of a few empty bracts. Outer florets, few or many, fertile, slender; inner solitary or few, , fertile or sterile; involucre narrow, its bracts dry, narrow, unequal, acute; receptacle small, naked; pappus none. Florets with filiform, minutely 2-3-toothed corollas; with regular corollas with thickened tube and 4-5-toothed limb. Anthers with sagittate bases acute or tailed. Style of florets with filiform arms or entire. Cypselas oblong, sub

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