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compressed, without pappus.--DISTRIB. About 8 species, tropics of Asia, Africa, and Australia.

SPHÆRANTHUS AFRICANUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1314. Annual, glabrous or pubescent, the stem and branches with long decurrent, entire wings. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate, acute or sub-acute, with a small bristle-point at the apex, the base narrowed and confluent with the wing of the branch, the edges bristle-serrate; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth •25 to 1.25 in. Clusters of heads globose, 3 to 4 in. in diam., pedunculate, their involucres few, scarious, rounded or jagged, not imbricate; the peduncles 25 to 4 in. long, glabrous, with a wing widening at the base. Female florets about 15, gibbous. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 275; Prain Bengal Plants, 601. S. africanus and S. microcephalus, Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 2395. S. microcephalus, DC. Prod. V. 360; Clarke Comp. Ind. 97. S. indicus, Willd. 1.c. 2394; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 62, Fl. Ind. III. 446. S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179 (in part).

MALACCA: Griffith. KEDAH: King's Collector 1701. SINGAPORE: Ridley 5069. PENANG: Curtis 1942; Deschamps. PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Ridley 7125. PERAK: Scortechini 1640.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Philippines, Australia, Africa.

12. EMILIA, Cass.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, often glaucous, sometimes sarmentose. Leaves alternate, radical, crowded, petiolate, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline few, stem-clasping. Heads on long peduncles, solitary or loosely corymbose, ebracteolate at the base, homogamous, discoid, yellow or red; florets all, fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric; its bracts in a single series, equal, free or cohering, striate; receptacle flat, naked. Style-arms sub-terete, their apices short and obtuse, or long and acute. Cypselas sub-terete, or 5-ribbed or -angled; pappus hairs numerous, white, silky.—DISTRIB. Species 14 or 15; all Indo-Malayan and tropical African.

EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA, DC. Prod. VI. 302. Annual, usually erect, sometimes diffuse and sarmentose, 12 to 30 in. high. Leaves: the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, rarely elliptic, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes scaberulous, 1.5 to 4 in. long; petioles variable but rarely exceeding an inch in length; cauline leaves much smaller, hastate or linear-hastate, dentate, sessile and auriculate, more or less stem-clasping. Heads 4 in. long and the same in diam, when expanded, on long ebracteate or scantily bracteate peduncles, collected in lax terminal long pedunculate spreading corymbs. Involucre nearly as long as the purple florets, ecalyculate; its bracts linear-oblong, sub

acute. Cypselas truncate at each end, minutely hairy. DC. in Wight Contrib. 24. E. sonchifolia, vars. a and ß, Clarke Comp. Ind. 174. Calcalia sonchifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 835; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 413; Don Prod. 180; Wall. Cat. 3144. E. glabra, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3145. Gynura ecalyculata, DC. 1.c. 298. Prenanthes sarmentosa, Wall. Cat. 3262E. E. scabra, DC. 1.c. 303; Wight Ic. 1123. E. mucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175.

SINGAPORE: Hullett 240. PENANG: Deschamps; Scortechini; Stolickza.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China.

VAR. minor, King & Gamble. Little more than a foot high, lower leaves broadly ovate, truncate at the base, on long narrow winged petioles.

PERAK: King's Collector 301. PENANG in Klang and Batu Gaja jungles: Deschamps.

In this variety the terminal lobe only of the leaf is developed, the lower part being long and narrow like a petiole.

13. GYNURA, Cass.

Succulent herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes climbers, glabrous or hispid. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatisect. Heads solitary or in corymbs, bracteolate at the base, homogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Florets yellow all the tubular, fertile (rarely a few of the outer ones more slender and ?) the limb 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric or sub-campanulate; the bracts 10 or 12, in a single series, narrow, equal; their margins scarious; receptacle flat, pitted or shortly fimbrillate. Anthers with bases entire or sub-auricled. Style-arms slender; their apices long, slender, subulate, hispid. Cypselas narrow, many-ribbed; hairs of pappus copious, in many series, slender, white.— DISTRIB. Species about 20, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Scandent; leaves subentire or slightly dentate, petiolate

An erect herb; leaves always boldly dentate and often pinnatisect or pinnatifid, sessile and often sub-amplexicaul or auriculate

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1. G. sarmentosa.

2. G. bicolor.

1. GYNURA SARMENTOSA, DC. Prod. VI. 298. Stem and branches loosely twining, glabrous except the puberulous peduncles, thinner than a goose-quill, pale brown and striate when dry. Leaves succulent, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base cuneate, the edges subentire or slightly dentate, both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth ·4 to 1 in.; petioles of the lower leaves 15 to 4 in.; the small upper leaves often sessile. Heads few, 65 to 75 in. long, and as much in diam., on slender puberulous

pedicels usually in scanty, lax, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal cymes longer than the leaves; bracteoles of the panicle and of the calyculus at the base of the involucre few, small, linear. Involucre spreading little, its bracts narrowly oblong, subacute or blunt, glabrous; their edges scarious, nearly as long as the florets. Cypselas small, brown, with 10 puberulous ribs; pappus white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335. G. Finlaysoniana, DC. 1.c. 299; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 55. Cacalia cylindrifolia, reclinata, and Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 3150, 3151, 3162. Sonchus volubilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. V. t. 103 f. 2.

In all the provinces, common.-DISTRIB. Malayan Archipelago; Siam; Philippines.

2. GYNURA BICOLOR, DC. Prod. VI. 299. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous or sparsely and minutely glandular-hairy on the upper part; stems erect, branched, about the thickness of a quill near the base, boldly striate when dry. Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the lobules acutely dentate; the terminal lobe narrow and acuminate, narrowed at the base into a petiole varying in length from 5 to 1 in.; the upper sessile and often auriculate at the base, or shorter and narrowly obtuse with large teeth; length 2.5 to 5 in.; breadth 4 to 3 in. Heads about 5 in. long, less in diam. Involucral bracts narrow, with scarious margins and acute often recurved tips. Cypselas very slender, much ribbed, sub-glabrous; pappus copious, white, tinged with pink. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335. Cacalia bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 412; Salisb. Hort. Parad. t. 25; Bot. Regist. t. 110.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 1618. JOHORE: Ridley 2741; King. PERAK: Wray 1445, 3599. PENANG: Deschamps. MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.), 3235.-DISTRIB. China, Moluccas.

14. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in leafy panicles, heterogamous, sub-radiate, yellow or white. Rayflorets, in a single series, fertile, the corollas short-tubed, with 2-3-fid limb or a short, broad ligule. Disk-florets, fertile, or the inner ones sterile; the corollas regular, tubular, the limb campanulate and 5-fid or narrow and 3- to 4-toothed. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, the bracts few, herbaceous, glandular, the outer usually 5, spathulate, spreading; the inner enclosing the rayflorets. Receptacle small; the pales membranous, concave. Anthers with entire bases. Style of florets with short, flattened, sub-acute arms. Cypselas obovoid-oblong, often incurved, their apices obtuse;

pappus none.-DISTRIB. Six species, one cosmopolitan, tropical and sub-tropical, the others South American and African.

SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 900. An erect annual, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the lower branches opposite, everywhere clothed with pubescence, often glandular and crisped. Leaves membranous, opposite, the lower ovate sub-rhomboid, the upper ovatelanceolate, dentate or crenate, passing into linear-lanceolate, and sometimes entire; all cuneate at the base; both surfaces olivaceous when dry; the upper scabrid, hispid; the lower more softly hairy; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, curved, spreading; length 1 to 4 in.; petioles very short or absent. Involucre with the outer bracts longer than the inner. Cypselas black, the outer enclosed in the glandular involucral bracts. Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 250; DC. Prod. V. 495; Wight Ic. 1103; Wall. Cat. 3182; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants, 607. S. glutinosa, Wall. Cat. 3182. S. brachiata and S. orientalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 432. Minyranthes heterophylla, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Misc. 1851, I. 181. In all the provinces, near habitations.

15. ECLIPTA, Linn.

Strigose or hirsute annuals. Leaves opposite. Heads small, axillary or terminal, pedunculate, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets ?, sub2-seriate, fertile or sterile, ligulate, small, entire or bifid, white rarely yellow. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, 4-5-fid. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate; its bracts sub-2-seriate, herbaceous, the outer large and broad; receptacle flat or nearly so, the outer pales enclosing several florets; the inner ones narrow, sometimes absent. Anthers with obtuse, almost entire, bases. Style-arms flattened, with short triangular or obtuse appendages. Cypselas of the ray narrow, triquetrous, sometimes barren; those of the disk stouter, somewhat compressed laterally, the apex entire, toothed or 2-aristate.-DISTRIB. "7 species in South America and Australia, and 1 cosmopolitan in the tropics.

ECLIPTA ERECTA, Linn. Mant. II. 266. An erect or diffuse branched slender herb, hirsute or strigillose. Leaves variable in form and size, sessile or with very short petioles; linear, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; narrowed at both ends; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, spreading, faint; length 1 to 4 in.; breadth 2 to 5 in. Heads 3 to 4 in. in diam., solitary or in pairs from the leaf-axils; the peduncles ·25 to 1.5 in. long, when in pairs always unequal. Involucral bracts equal to or longer than the flowers, unequal, ovate or obovate, apiculate. Cypselas scabrid, without pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook.

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fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants; 610. Lam. Ill. t. 687. E. alba, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 528; Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304. E. marginata, Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 249. E. prostrata, Linn. Mant. II. 266; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 438. E. prostrata, undulata, and parviflora, Wall. Cat. 3209, 3210, 3213. Verbesina alba and prostrata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 902.

In all the provinces. In and near cultivated ground.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally.

16. WEDELIA, Jacq.

Hirsute or scabrid-pubescent herbs or undershrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary or terminal, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets?, fertile, ligulate, spreading, entire, or 2-toothed at the apex. Disk-florets, fertile or the inner sterile; the corolla tubular, regular, with elongate 5-toothed limb. Involucre campanulate or sub-hemispheric; its bracts sub-2-seriate, the outer 3 to 5 usually herbaceous, the inner dry; receptacle flat or convex, the pales enclosing the flowers. Anthers entire or sub-sagittate at the base. Style of florets with acute arms hirsute at their tips. Cypselas cuneate-oblong or obovoid, thick, smooth or tubercled, laterally compressed or the outer triquetrous, tip rounded, margins obtuse or thickened; pappus none, or reduced to a toothed cup or ring, or sometimes of short scales with occasionally a few bristles.-DISTRIB.. Species about 70, tropical and sub-tropical.

WEDELIA BIFLORA, DC. in Wight Contrib. Fl. Ind. 18. Scandent; stem and branches hispid-puberulous when very young, afterwards almost glabrous, obtusely 4-angled, grooved when dry. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate or ovate-subrhomboid to lanceolate, apex. acuminate, edges coarsely serrate except at the broad, slightly cuneate base; both surfaces dull olivaceous green when dry, minutely reticulate, sparsely hispid-puberulous; main-nerves one large pair ascending from the base of the midrib to near the apex branching outwards and one or two smaller pairs from above the middle of the midrib, all distinct on both surfaces; length 2 to 4-5 in.; breadth 1.25 to 2.75 in.; petioles 75 to 1.5 in., those of the branches smaller. Heads about 5 in. in diam., solitary on a short peduncle .75 in. or less in length, or 2 to 4 on peduncles two or three times as long. Involucral bracts in two rows, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, concave, scabrid-puberulous outside like the peduncles, often recurved. Ripe cypselas triquetrous, scaberulous, the apex with some hairs and several short bristles, one longer than the others. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 306. W. scandens, Benth.; Prain Bengal Plants, 612; Clarke Comp. Ind. 136 (excl. syn.). Woolastonia

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