he also built a mosque at Chibramau near the tomb of Sadr Jahán, the martyr, on the edge of the tank. His motto was, Hastam az lutf-i-Muhammad neknám. We have seen him employed (p. 301) to extricate Ķáim Khán from the clutches of Sa'dat Khán Burhán-ul-Mulk at Faizábád. In 1720-1 he was appointed Amil of parganah Bhojpur, (see p. 283).

12. JAHÁN KHÁN. He was one of the Bakhshis, and an old chela to whom the Bibi Sahiba kept no pardah. He founded Jahánganj in parganah Bhojpur, on the road from Farrukhábád to Chibramau, about 9 miles S. of the former place. His son, Rahmat Khán, who was Bakhshi to Nawáb Ahmad Khán, built the masjid at the Mau gate of the city.

13. KAMÁL KHÁN. He is the founder of Kamálganj on the Cawnpúr road, 9 miles south-east of Farrukhábád. In 1720-1 he had charge of Sipri and Jalaun (see p. 283). He was killed with Nawáb Ķáim Khán in the battle of Dauri.

14. ROSHAN KHÁN. The Haiyát Bágh and the building of the Nawáb's tomb were under his charge (see p. 337). There was a Roshanganj, named after him, somewhere on the road to Chibramau, but the site is not known.

15. DILAWAR KHÁN. He had the epithet of the "Janúbi" (the southerner) and was Darogha of the Díwán Khána. He must be the same as the man styled in one place "the Aurangábádi.”

16. PURDIL KHÁN. He was a son of the Gaur Rájah of Siroli (see p. 278). He was Darogha of the camel establishments.

17.

FAKHR-UD-DIN KHÁN. He held the office of Bakhshi of the army, and was also styled Fakhr-ud-daula. He played a prominent part on the accession of Muzaffar Jang in 1771, and was náib till his assassination a year afterwards. He is buried in the Bihisht Bágh near the Mau gate, in a separate tomb, a little to the left as you enter the gateway.

18. 'ALAWAL KHÁN. He was originally Kesri Singh, son of Chattar Singh, a Bamṭela Thakur of the village of Baraun, and some of his descendants still exist in that village and Bábarpúr. * This man is said to have been a bit of a wag. Once Muhammad Khán appointed him 'Amil of some parganah. On starting to take up his duties, 'Aláwal Khán mounted with his face to his horse's tail. The Nawáb called out to ask the scoundrel what he meant by riding like that? His answer was, "I am looking behind me to make quite sure the Nawab Sahib is not sending off another 'Amil just behind me.” The allusion was to the frequent changes of 'Amils, no one being longer than two or three months in one parganah. Dismissals and appointments were constantly occurring. On hearing the above answer, the Nawab said, "Tell that buffoon that he is appointed for a year."

Káli Ráe, p. 120.

19. RUSTAM KHÁN. He was killed with Ķáim Khán in the battle of

Dauri (1748).

20.

'ABD-UR RASÚL KHÁN. He was killed in 1728 at the battle of Ichauli, (see p. 290).

21. HÁJI SARFARÁZ KHÁN. He was one of Ahmad Khán's Bakhshis, and he will be mentioned in the Allahábád campaign, and in the retreat to the hills.

22. JÁN NISÁR KHÁN. He held charge of Ujain in Málwá as the deputy of Muķím Khán. Having incurred the Nawáb's displeasure he was flogged, and being very frail he died at the first stroke.

23. RAHMAT KHÁN.

its site is not known now.

There was a Rahmatganj founded by him, but
He was distinguished as "Sawárahwála," and

commanded a cavalry regiment.

24. KARM KHA'N. He was Darogha of the elephants; his seal bore the inscription Ba fazl-i-Muhammad Karm námdár.

25. JOWÁHIR KHÁN. He was Darogha of the stables.

26. SALÁBAT Khán. He was the "Mír 'Imárat" or superintendent of buildings.

27. SHAMSHER KHAN, II. He had charge of the poultry.

28. MAHTÁB KHÁN. Darogha of the kitchen.

29. NÁMDÁR KHÁN. He was a Gahilwár Thákur of the village of Chilsara, parganah Shamshábád West, and his descendants still live there. A mosque built by him still stands, and to the west of the village are the foundations of some ganj or fort once belonging to him.

30. NÁM DÁP KHÁN,II. 31. Sulaiman Khán. 32. Khushyál Khán. 33. Fulád Khán. 34. Nasir Khán. 35. Sherdil Khán, a converted Tomar Rajput. 36. Náhirdil Khán. 37. Hafizullah Khán. 38. Lutfullah Khán. 39. Bakhtbuland Khán. 40. Lál Khán. 41. Mashraf Khán. 42. Mubárik Khán. 43. Najm-ud-din Khán. 44. Ranmast Khán. 45. Bára Khán. 46. Paháp Khán. 47. Nakki Khán.

The Nawáb's territory.

We do not know precisely how the large territory, of which Muhammad Khán was at his death de facto ruler, had been acquired. A grant in jágir of the parganabs of Shamshábád and Bhojpur in the first year of Muhammad Shah's reign (1719) may have formed the nucleus; as for the rest "The good old rule

Sufficeth them, the simple plan,

That they should take, who have the power,

And they should keep who can."

The extent of the Nawáb's dominions was popularly described by the following doggrel verse

Y Y

Miyan do áb o miyan do káf
Shuda hásil ín mulk jumla mu'áƒ
Shavand kasba-i-Kol o Korá hadúd

Ba daryáe Gang o Jaman insaráƒ.

There is a certain amount of exaggeration in the east and west boundaries thus given, and the parganahs across the Ganges are ignored. Taking the existing division into districts, one may say roughly that Nawab Muhammad held the western half of the Cawnpur district, the dividing line being drawn from Bithúr on the Ganges to Musenagar on the Jamna; the whole of the Farrukhábád district; all of the Mainpuri district except perhaps one parganah; the whole of the Eta district, except two small parganahs in the north-west corner; nearly one half of the Budáon district across the Ganges; and one parganah of the Shahjahanpur district. If the Kauryaganj founded by Khán Bahadur be correctly identified with the town in the 'Aligarh district, then the Nawáb's authority did extend within twelve miles of Kol-'Aligarh. The local tradition states that parganah Márahra in the Eta district was obtained in farm from the Sayyad jagirdárs in 1738,* but the mode of acquisition was most probably a little less legal than through a farming lease. We know from the Life of Háfiz Rahmat Khánh that Muhammad Khán held Budáon, for it was while on an expedition with the Farrukhábád 'Amil against some zamindars, that Dáud Khán caused Sháh Alam Khán, the father of Háfiz Rahmat Khán, to be assassinated.

The anecdotes already given show that the Nawab kept a very strict watch upon his agents, moving them frequently and prohibiting them from building permanently. In this way he seems to have kept complete control over his country and his orders were implicitly obeyed. The following

notices are gleaned from Sáhib Ráe's collection of the Nawáb's correspondence.

KANAUJ. In the second year of Muhammad Shah's reign (Feb. 1720 to Jan. 1721) the faujdári of this Sarkár was in the name of the Nawáb's son, Káim Khán. Then, when Rájah Girdhar Bahádur was removed from Allahábád, he begged for a territory near his house as a residence for his dependents. The faujdári of Kanauj was then relinquished to Girdhar Bahádur. After his death it passed from one to another till the Bhadauriya Rájah obtained it. When Muhammad Khán was restored to Allahábád in the year 1148 H., he objected strongly to leaving his home country in the hands of a "hypocritical infidel." The júgir was therefore granted to him. The nett income he states at Rs. 8000 a year. The old jumma payable to the Imperial Treasury was 35,00,000 of dúm, but after enhancement. it had been raised to one kror of dám.

SHAHPUR. Muhammad Khán held this parganah before he went to Bundelkhand in 1139 H. (Aug. 1726-Aug. 1727). It was then resumed as part of the khálsa or crown-lands and a grant was made for only one harvest. The Nawáb held the parganah, however, for several years, after which it was again resumed. Through the intercession of Khán Daurán Khán, it was on the 10th Ramzán 1145 H. (13th Feb. 1733) granted permanently from the Rabi harvest of 1140 F. (March 1733). This being a border district, some difficulty was caused by defaulters taking refuge in the estates of Rájah Hindu Singh of Chachendi.

ITÁWAH. In the later years of his life Muhammad Khán was faujdár of Itáwah. He was displaced by Ráj Adhiráj Jai Singh Sawáe about 1153 H. (March 1740-March 1741).

This

JALESAR. Through Rájah Jai Singh Sawáe, a lease in Yakut Khán's name was obtained of Kokaltásh Khán's jágirs in this parganah. produced an objection from Násir-ud-daula Sádát Khán Zu'lfikár Jang, and the Emperor addressed a farmán to Muhammad Khán, dated the 2nd Zi'l Ka'd of the 24th year (30th Dec. 1741). The lease was then relinquished.

SAUJ and ALI-KHERA.

The former was the jágir of 'Amír-ul-Umrá, Khán Daurán Khán; the latter that of Farrah Khán Bahádur and Muhamdi Khán Bahádur.

BARNAH SOHÁR with a revenue of ten lakhs of dám was taken on ijára or lease by Yákút Khán from the jágirdar.

NIDHPUR, AKBARÁBÁD, and SIKANDARPUR are mentioned as in the possession of the Nawáb. In one year the estimated revenue of Akbarábád and Sikandarpur was put at 65,000, or at the outside 70,000 rupees. In 1146 F. (1738-9) there appears to have been a drought.

KOIL and SIKANDRAH are stated to have been in the Nawáb's possession in 1146 F. (1738-9).

SAKITH must have been included in the Farrukhábád territory, since Muhammad Khán was called on to furnish an escort for treasure coming from Jinnat-ul-bulád, Bangál. The revenue of Sakíth is stated to have been one lakh of rupees, besides the júgirs farmed to the faujdár of Itáwah.

KURÁOLI. Kám Khán received 17 or 18 lakhs of dám from this parganah as payment on account of the faujdári of Kanauj.

SHIKOHÁBÁD. This parganah appears to have been held as a dependency on Itáwah, in which Karhal does not appear to have been included. BHONGA'M and TALIGRAM were in 1726 in the jágir of Khán Daurán

Khán.

ANWALAH. This parganah was at one time the jágir of 'Umdat-ulMulk Anír Khán.

Muhammad Khán's wife and children.

The Nawab seems to have had but one legal wife, Málaha Bánú or Rába'ha Bánú, alias the Bíbi Sáhiba, daughter of Kásim Khán Bangash. She has been often mentioned already, and will be often mentioned again. She had two sons, Káim Khán, the second Nawáb, and Dám Khán, who died in childhood; also two daughters, Roshan Jahán, wife of Roshan Khán Bangash, and another who died unmarried. She died on the 28th Zi'l Ka'd 1182 H. (5th April 1769), and was buried in a separate tomb in the Bihisht Bágh a little to the south-west of Nawáb Ahmad Khán's mausoleum. There is a handsome masjid in the city built by her, called the Bíbi Sáhiba ki masjid, and the quarter round it is known by that name. There is also a Muhalla Bíbi ganj near the Mau gate.

The unsettled times of the 18th century are reflected in the fact that seven sons of Muhammad Khán were killed in battle; nine died deaths of violence, and only six died a natural death. The names of the sons (whose descendants will be given in an Appendix) are as follows:

1. Káim Khán, succeeded his father as Nawáb (1743-1748) as will be related hereafter. He left no issue.

2. Ahmad Khán, succeeded in 1750 and died in 1771.

3. Muríd Khán. Full brother of Murtazza Khán (No. 4). He was killed with Káim Khán, leaving three sons.

4. Murtazza Khán. He was cut down at the order of Muzaffar Jang, son of Ahmad Khán (No. 2), and he died a prisoner in the Mubárik Mahal within the fort. He left seven sons.

5. Akbar Khán. He was killed at Sikandra Ráo (see p. 334). He left two sons. They say that the daughter of one of these sons, Khan-Khánán Khán, was betrothed to Sa'dat 'Ali, son of Shuja'-ud-daula, Nawáb Wazir, but Nawáb Ahmad Khán forbad the marriage, unless the Lakhnau family gave a wife for his son, Mahmúd Khán.

6. ’Abd-un-nabi Khán. He was killed with Kám Khán. When 'Abd-un-nabi Khán started for the campaign with Káim Jang, he sneezed as he mounted his elephant and a cat crossed his path. From these evil omens, it followed that Nawáb 'Abd-un-nabi Khán never came back alive. His son, 'Abd-ul-Majíd Khán, from that day took an aversion to the name of sneezing and to cats. If a servant felt inclined to sneeze, he rushed out of the house, nor did any servant ever dare to utter the word " cat." If absolutely necessary it was referred to as a "fish." They also had strict orders never to mention any one's death. If their master were invited to a friend's house on his death, they told him that sugar had been tasted at a certain house, referring to the practice of pouring sugar and water down a dying man's throat. If they had to remind him of the third-day ceremonies, they would say—“To-day there is a great display (dhum-dhám).”