THE INTRANSITIVE VERB "to go."

Infinitive and Supine: bozóno "to go" and "in order to go."
Imperative bo or bozé "go."

Verbal Adjectives: bozensto "going", bozeta "having gone."

or bònàs

tso bò zàt

ré bòzena

moñ bòzum-alòs*

tu bòzalo

ro bòzalo

bé bònalès

tso bòzalet

ré bòzenalé

CONDITIONAL.

Present.

S. 1. moñ bòzum

2. tù bòzé

3. ro bòzéï Pl. 1. bé bòzon (or bon ?)

2. tso bòzàt

3. ré bòzen

mon bilàzto

tu bilato

ré bilto

bé bilàseto

tsà bilateto

rà bilàto

Present.

Fem.

moñ bozumis

re bozani

tsà bozàt
ra bozéin

Imperfect.

moñ bòzum-alis
tu bòzalé

re bòzalié

bé bònaliés

tsà bòzaliet

ra bòzenalié

Present Future.

if I become

if thou becomest

if he, she become

if we become

ré bòzîë

tsà bozáté
ra bozeni

if ye become

if they become

English.

I am going

thou art going

he, she is going
we are going

ye are going
they are going

I was going
thou wast going
he, she was going

we were going

ye were going
they were going

I go or shall go

Pl. 1.

S.

bé gàlezto

tso gàletto

3. ré gielto

Masc.

English.

Pl. 1. bé gàlezto

if we had gone
if

2.

ye had gone

too gàletto 3. ré gietto

if they had gone

Probably all these tenses (Imperfect or Past, Perfect, and Pluperfect) are compounded of some auxiliary verb-tense running as follows (there is actually such a verb meaning "I came, &c."):

Masc.

Fem.

alós

..aliès

alo...

..aliet

alo..

aliè

to which are prefixed the various verbal stems or complete verb tenses, person for person. In many cases the combination has subsequently suffered from elision.

E. g., bil-àlòs, &c., would be an uncorrupted example. The stem and the auxiliary tense are both perfect, and the former does not vary with the persons.

bé galàseto

tsà galàteto
rà galàto

Fem.

bé galàseto
tsà galàteto

tà galato

if we had gone if ye

had gone

if they had gone

In gàlos, gàlo, &c., the verb root (probably ga) has suffered its vowel to coalesce with the initial vowel of the auxiliary.

Fem.

...alis Pl.
..alé
.....alié

In bozum-alòs, boz-alo, &c., the auxiliary has destroyed the final syllables of the verb tense, excepting in the 1st pers. Sing. and the 3rd pers. Plural.

In àsilòs, bilós, &c., the initial vowel of the auxiliary has itself suffered alteration from the pressure of the verb-root before it.

In the root as (of òsilos “I was"), and the root bi or be (of bilos ? bialòs, "I have become"), we have perhaps representatives of the universal Arian roots, bhu and as for the idea of "being" or "existence."

In some verbs the terminations are òs, -ò, -Ò.

If again we subdivide the auxiliary tense alòs, &c., into its root al and its terminations -òs, -o, -o, ès, -et, and -e, it would appear that it was by the addition of these latter to the Present Future Tense, that the Present Tense was formed:

E. g. Pr. Fut. Tense. Termn. Present Tense. Pr. Fut. Tense. Termn, Present Tense.

bozum

òs ... bòzumus.

ès

bòzonas. bòzát.

O bozao (n).

bòzon ...
bòzàt
bòzen....

bozé....
bozéï

et

O bozéu (n).

é ...... bòzena.

Masc.

alès

alet

alè...

...

But they

TRANSITIVE VERBS are conjugated like intransitive ones. show traces of the quasi-Passive formation with the subject in the Instrumentative Case, such as we find in the Past Tenses in Hindustani and in

the Dard dialect of Dàh-Hanu (see above). As in the latter, the subject takes a special form in the Past tenses, the singular taking an affix or termination, generally -i, and the Plural -za (cf. Dàh-Hanu -ya); but unlike in that dialect the verb agrees with its proper subject (in the Instrumentative case) and not with its object. In the other Tenses the subject takes the affix -sa as in the Dah-Hanu dialect. This in both dialects is now a simple variety of the nominative.

These facts I think corroborate the hypothesis that the Dàh-Hanu people formed an earlier migration than the Dràs Dàrds. For they retain most fully the quasi-Passive formation of the Past of Transitive Verbs, which we find again in the Indian dialects (from which they had less opportunity of borrowing than the Dràs people had). It was therefore perhaps an early Dàrd formation of which all but slight traces have been lost by the later Dàrds.

THE TRANSITIVE VERB "to strike."

Infinitive and Supine — kutino "to strike" and "in order to strike." = kutiokuni “in striking."

Imperative: kuté "strike."

Verbal Adjectives: kutiensto "striking," kutéta and kutetato "having

struck."