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by me from Benson under this name were certainly closely allied to the last. In the Conchologia Indica, however, a very different shell is figured (Plate CLII, figs. 1, 4,) and one which seems barely distinct (save in size only) from H. cassida, Hutton, also given on the same Plate. My coadjutor, Mr. Hanley, purchased most of Benson's types, but has most unfortunately not said if the figure is taken from one of them.

My own impression is, that H. monticola, B. is a near ally of H. scutella, B. and that the monticola figured in the Conchologia. Indica is a mere immature specimen of H. cassida, Hutton. It is true the shell is said to be in one 'dull' in the other lustrous', but this may be the result of its condition, as in H. flemingii, the lustrous surface of the shell is covered with a dull epidermis, which in scutella is wanting, and I was much struck with the presence of this dull epidermis, as it is covered by the mantle; the shells of other Zonitida under such circumstances being usually lustrous.

H. CASSIDA, Hutton.

A single adult specimen of what I consider this species was taken by me under a stone above Uri. Two young shells (one of them forwarded to me by Mr. Lydekker) also seem to belong to this species, though the mouth is rounder and deeper than in the adult (vide Conch. Indica, Plate CLII, figs. 2, 3). This species might almost be ranged in Paryphanta and would seem to be rare as I have only seen the above three specimens.

The higher ranges.

VALLONIA PULCHELLA, Müll.
V. COSTATA, Müll.

FRUTICICOLA HUTTONI, Pfr.

Widely distributed, but individuals do not seem anywhere numerous.

PERONEUS CONOPICTUS, Hutton.

Widely distributed and individuals numerous.

In the North-western

Punjab, this species harbours under stones, and is variable in size.

NAPEUS CANDELARIS, Pfr.

N. domina, B. This is a common species being found about Mari and in various places in Kashmir, usually above 6000 feet, but occasionally lower. Sinistral shells are most numerous, but dextral ones also occur not rarely. My largest sinistral shell measures 35.6 × 9.2 and my smallest 27.7 x 8.7 mm. The dextral shells are smaller, ranging from 33 × 8.8 to 24 × 8.5 mm.

The shells vary somewhat in a large series, in tumidity and in the attenuation of the spire, and even in the number of whorls, a remark which applies to all the species of the genus, and proves the risk of creating new species from single examples.

I do not think that N. domina, B. can be separated, as the main distinction seems to be in the texture of the shell; but in this group the texture varies from horny and sub-diaphanous, in which the striped markings are conspicuous, to creamy porcellanous, in which they are more or less if not wholly obsolete. The difference too in this respect is considerable between the living and dead shells, and largely depends (unless I am much mistaken) on the conditions of climate and alimentation under which the animal lived.

A slender form is seen in places, with a thinner shell than the type, and indicating a passage to N. kunawarensis, Hutton. A typical example of this variety measures 26.5 × 8 mills.

In the above and in all the measurements which follow the short axis is measured just behind the aperture.

N. SINDICUS, B.

Of this species both dextral and sinistral shells occur, the former most numerously. The size ranges between 27 × 8 and 17 × 3 × 6·6 mm. for dextral shells and 22 × 7 and 18·2 × 6·2 mm. for sinistral ones out of a large series. It occurs abundantly in the Jhilum valley about Chatur, (above Kohala) at low elevations, and elsewhere less commonly up to 3000 feet or thereabouts.

N. CELEBS, B.

This is a forest species, usually ranging from 5000 feet upwards. It is the most variable species of the group, both as regards size and form ranging from 22 × 8 to 14 × 6·2 mm. Some systematists might easily make six or eight species out of the varieties of this shell; but with a large, but by no means exhaustive, series before me, I cannot venture to specifically separate the very variable shells which a large series displays. I have never seen a sinistral specimen, but N. boysianus, B. looks like a sinistral example of the largest form of calebs.

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N. ARCUATUS, Hutton.

Kashmir specimens range between 2 × 61 and 13·7 × 5 mills. A single dextral shell found by me measures 12 × 4 mills. It does not seem common species. The habitat Moulmein' given in the Conchologia Indica is of course absurd, but for this and similar blunders I am nowise responsible, since the publishers declined to furnish me with proofs, as the work went through the press.

N. SEGREGATUS, B.

A single specimen of what seems a variety of this shell was found, but it had an abnormal look about it. It measures 11.2 × 5 mm and has the ordinary horny appearance of celebs and its allies. A smaller form, var. pusillus, would seem to belong to this species and is far from rare on the Chináb valley above 6000 feet. It only measures 9 × 3.8 mills.

N. PRETIOSUS, Cantor.

The type was obtained near the Jhilum on the well-contested battlefield of Chilianwalla. The species also occurs sparingly throughout the Jhilum valley below Uri, but is nowhere common except about Kathai fort on the right bank, where it is abundant, though I saw only dead shells. The range of this species must be very limited, as I have not noticed it to the eastward, or anywhere in the cis-Rávi country.

N. SMITHII, B.

An occasional individual of what I take to be this species, is here and there met with in the Jhilum valley below Uri, but I have only seen dead shells. It also occurs at Mari, where I have seen a few specimens, a trifle smaller than the type. My best specimen measures 11·1 × 3.5 mm, and exhibits the characteristic dilatation of the peristome.

N. RUFISTRIGATUS, B.

Common on the outer hills from the Jumna to the Indus. Closely allied to this species and with difficulty separable in a large series, are N. eremita, B., N. sindicus, B., N. salsicola, B. and N. spelaus, Hutton, these two last forms being erroneously placed in my Catalogue (Thacker and Co., 1876,) under Cylindrus.

OPEAS GRACILIS, Hutton.

The outer hills bordering the plains, but not noticed in the valley.
CYLINDRUS INSULARIS, Ehr.

The outer hills and plains.

PUPA MUSCORUM, L.

P. GUTTA, B.

Both these species no doubt spread over the higher ranges of Kashmir, though the type of the latter species has only been taken by me in Spiti.

P. HIMALAYANA, B.

P. HUTTONIANA, B.

Both these species occur abundantly on the Panjál range and in the debris of streams flowing therefrom, whence they are carried down during floods into the plains.

P. - sp.

A single specimen of a Pupa somewhat of the plicidens type occurred in the Jhilum valley with numbers of the last two species. I do not know it, but hesitate to describe it as new, till it has been compared more fully than I have at present means of doing.

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I did not take this species in Kashmir, but as I took it in Dharmsála a little cast of the Rávi, I have no doubt that it should be included in the Kashmir fauna.

C. WAAGENI, Stol.

A single dead shell of what is probably this species was found by me a little below Rámpur the first stage below Baramula. The type was found near Mari, and it doubtless ranges into Kashmir in suitable localities.

ENNEA BICOLOR, Hutton.

The outer hills, where it is almost invariably associated with Opeas gracilis and Peronæus canopictus.

CŒLOSTELE SCALARIS, B.

GEOSTILBIA Balanus, B.

Both these species are found in the outer hills bordering the plains, the former rather rarely.

LYMNEA.

The species of this genus do not call for remark.

PLANORBIS.

Several small species of this genus, which my opportunities did not allow of my recording, have no doubt to be added to the Kashmir fauna. CORBICULA KASHMIRENSIS, Desh.

My largest specimen, from near Soper, measures 45 × 39 × 23 mm. Smaller specimens occur lower down the Jhilum near Baramula.

C. OCCIDENS, B.

Accompanies the last. My largest specimen measures 21 x 17.5 x 11.5 mm. In Kashmir specimens the rufous rays (which Hanley says are rarely present) are rarely absent, but never very strongly marked and sometimes with difficulty visible.

SPHÆRIUM INDICUM, Desh.

PISIDIUM HYDASPICOLA, n. s.

Testá sub-cordate ovali-tenui, exilissime striata, antice rotundata, postice vix truncatâ 4 × 3·4 × 2·5 mm.

Habitat valle Kashmirense, in fluminibus ad Hydaspem fluentibus, prope Shypion.

The nearest ally of this species is P. clarkeanum, Nev., but it is more rounded in front and hardly truncated behind.

A single specimen only was found in the stream near Shypion, a feeder of the Jhilum.

The above is a very imperfect list of the shells of so diversified a region as regards surface and climate as Kashmir. The correct determination of the smaller fresh-water species of Bithynia and Planorbis, and of the species of Sphærium and Pisidium which almost certainly occur is difficult. Unio I have not noticed in the valley.

At page 41 of my Catalogue of Indian shells, I have given the Púnch Hills as a habitat of the operculate Megalomastoma funiculatum of Sikkim,

on the authority of shells received from Mr. Lydekker with that habitat, which subsequent enquiry has served to render extremely doubtful, and I have accordingly excluded the species from the Kashmir fauna.

In conclusion I would urge that visitors to Kashmir could hardly fail to add many species to the above list if they carefully collected in the higher ranges, and along routes not visited by me, especially the smaller species of Pupa, &c. which are most conveniently sought for among the light rejectamenta and vegetable refuse swept down by floods, and heaped up along the banks of streams in sheltered spots.

List of land and fresh-water shells, presumably inhabiting Kashmir and its vicinity. Shells, not seen by me, marked by an asterisk. Paludomus tanjoriensis, Gmel.*

Melania tuberculata, Müll.

M. variabilis, B.*

Valvata piscinalis, Müll.

V. stoliczkana, Nevill.* (Cat. Moll. Ind. Mus.)

Vivipara bengalensis, Lam.*

V. dissimilis, Müll.*

Bithynia pulchella, B.
Hyalina lucida, Drap.
H. fulva, Drap.
Macrochlamys indica, B.

M. splendens, Hutton.

M. patane, B.

M. sp.

Kaliella Barakporensis, Pfr.

Hemiplecta monticola, Hutton.
H. jamuensis, Theob.
Trochomorpha hyba, B.

Helicarion cassida, Hutton.

H. flemingii, Pfr. (type and var. minor.)

H. flemingii, var. altivagus, Theob. (an sp. nov. ?)

H. monticola, B.

H. scutella, B.

Fruticicola huttoni, B.

Vallonia pulchella, Müll.
V. costata, Müll.

Peronaus canopictus, Hutton.

Napaus candelaris, Pfr.

N. sindicus, B.

N. cœlebs, B.

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