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3. A. similis : Agrodoma similis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. No. XXVI, 35. This fine species equals the largest specimens of A. Richardi in size, but has the shorter tarse of the individual last described, and also a shorter and much more curved hind-claw. It is further readily distinguished by the strong ferruginous tinge of the pale portion of its plumage, as especially the under-parts and margins of all the wingfeathers; and the upper-parts are less streaky than in A. Richardi, with a prevailing dusky hue and slight admixture of ashy on the lighter edgings of the dorsal feathers. Tail having its outermost feather dark, obliquely tipped for its terminal third with ruddy-whitish, which extends up the whole narrow outer web; and the penultimate feather is tipped, for about a quarter of an inch only, with the same. Length of wing three inches and seven-eighths; of tail three and one-eighth; tarse an inch; and hind-claw (straight from base to tip) but three-eighths. From southern India; and Lord Arthur Hay lately obtained a specimen in Jummoo, in the N. W. Himalaya.

4. A. montana, Jerdon, MS.: A. rufescens apud Jerdon, Catal. This also is a strongly marked species, deeply tinged with fulvous, with strongly contrasting broad blackish central streaks to the feathers of the upper-parts. Bill short, and tolerably strong; the tarse short, and hind-claw moderately curved. The tail has its outer feather dull isabella-white for the terminal two-thirds, obliquely separated as usual from the dark base; the penultimate has the terminal third of the same hue; and both, with the antepenultimate, have their extreme tips pure white. Wing three inches and one-eighth; tail two and three-quarters; bill to gape eleven-sixteenths; tarse seven-eighths; and hind-claw (straight from base to tip) half an inch. Inhabits the grassy hills of the Neilgherries, where tolerably common. ally observed it to perch.

Mr. Jerdon has occasion

5. A. striolatus, nobis, n. s. Allied in appearance to the last, but distinguished by its longer bill and tarse, straighter hind-claw, and the much purer white of the outer tail-feathers, though these are a little creamy on their exterior webs only. The general cast of colour is also less brightly fulvous, and the dark central streaks are less deep and contrasting; presenting a general difference which is obvious to the eye, Sydney; and excepting that its toes and claws are still shorter, it agrees most closely with the single specimen above described, shot on the upper Hoogly.

though scarcely expressible in words: a more available distinction consists in the flanks being streakless, whereas in the preceding species they are conspicuously streaked throughout; and the wing-edgings are also much more albescent. Length of wing three inches and threeeighths; of tail two and five-eighths; bill to gape three-quarters; tarse an inch; hind-claw half an inch. I obtained a single specimen of this bird from a collection made at Darjeeling; and Mr. Jerdon has since procured several in the neighbourhood of Nellore, on the Coromandel coast.*

6. A. malayensis, Eyton: A. agilis apud Jerdon, Catal. ; A. pallescens apud Sundevall.+ Nearly allied to the last, but distinguished by its smaller size, by the less contrasted streakings of the back, and especially of the head, and by the fewer spots on the breast. In one specimen before me, from Assam, the pectoral spots are so few, that the bird might be mistaken for A. rufulus. Length of wing commonly three inches and one-eighth, sometimes less; of tail two and a quarter; bill to gape eleven sixteenths of an inch; tarse an inch; long hind-claw commonly half an inch. To facilitate comparison, I have given the admeasurement of bill to gape from dry specimens, in which it is less than in the fresh bird. The young have dark upper-parts, each dorsal feather being narrowly margined round with whitish; coverts and tertiaries the same; and the breast has many more spots than in the adult. In this dress, the species presents more the appearance of a young Lark, than I have seen in any other Pipit. It is one of the commonest birds of Lower Bengal during the cold season, in all open places; and a few remain throughout the year: habits, much as in A. pratensis; and song very insignificant, a mere repetition of one note, as often mounting some forty or fifty feet into the air, it descends sailing to the ground in the usual manner of the birds of this genus. It also appears to be very generally diffused throughout India, as well as in the countries eastward of the

In Mr. Gray's catalogue of Mr. Hodgson's specimens presented to the British Museum, A. striolatus, Bl., is set down as a synonyme of A. rufescens; but it does not appear upon what authority, and the species assuredly does not accord with the descriptions of A. rufescens. A. pelopus, H., as described in Mr. Gray's appendix to that catalogue, would seem to differ only in its shorter tarse.

+ Add Cichlops ubiquitarius, Hodgson, Gray, Zool. Misc.; and a wearisome list of other synonymes from the same source are corrected in Mr. Gray's catalogue cited in the preceding note, which I cannot but think it much to be regretted were ever published.

Bay of Bengal, down to the Straits of Malacca; and (as Mr. Eyton remarks) it is probably the Sumatran Alauda pratensis apud Raffles.

7. A. agilis, Sykes. Until recently, Mr. Jerdon and myself have referred the preceding species to this one; but Mr. Strickland (to whom Mr. Jerdon sent specimens of the former) pronounces them to be distinct, and I am unacquainted with the true agilis of the Deccan.

8. A. rufulus, Vieillot. Nearly allied to A. malayensis, but distinguished by its larger size, much shorter hind-claw, and by the absence, frequently, of any spots on the breast, which, when they occur, are few in number, small and inconspicuous: the dark centres of the dorsal feathers are also obscure, or even obsolete; but a narrow dark central streak to each feather is more or less developed on the crown. Length six inches and three-quarters, by ten and three-quarters; closed wing three inches and a half; tail two and a half: hind-claw seldom exceeding three-eighths of an inch. From the bare stony plains of the central table-land of the peninsula of India; and I recently obtained a few on similar ground near Midnapore.

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9. A. pratensis, (L.) Mr. Gould has seen specimens of this common British species from Western India, according to Mr. Yarrell, British Birds,' I. 392.*

10. A. aquaticus (?), Bechstein: if distinct, A. roseatus, Hodgson.† Mr. Hodgson sent this bird under two or three names; but on careful comparison of many, and looking particularly to the growing feathers of moulting birds, I am satisfied of the series being throughout specifically identical. They also accord with my recollection of the European A. aquaticus (nec obscurus of Britain), respecting which Mr. Gould (as cited by Mr. Yarrell), remarks:-"We have some reason to believe that there are two species of Rock Pipits nearly allied to each other, as we have never been able to find in any of the examples killed in the British Islands that uniform vinous tint we have observed to pervade the breast of continental examples; neither have we been able to meet with any specimens in continental collections, that strictly accord with the dull and indistinct markings of those of the British Islands:" to which I

* Mr. Gray refers the A. hortulanus, Hodgson, n. s., to this species; but the specimens which Mr. H. presented to this Society by the name cited, were decidedly of the Indian type of A, arboreus, to which the appellation hortulanus is better applicable.

+ This Mr. Gray refers to A. cervimus; Motacilla cervina, Pallas: A. rufogularis, Brehm.

may add, (from my own notes,) that the absence of pure white on the exterior tail-feathers is a further distinction of the British species, though there is always a pale external and terminal portion. I believe, too, that there is this distinction in their habits, that while the continental species is met with far inland, the British A. obscurus keeps almost wholly to the immediate vicinity of the sea; the only instance I have known to the contrary (and I believe none has hitherto been recorded), being that of one taken in a bird-catcher's net near London, which I kept for some two or three years in a cage. Now the Nepal bird conforms to all these indications of A. aquaticus, unless it be that the streaking of its upper-parts is too strongly brought out; and it appears that, at one season (probably that of breeding), the lower-parts, to judge from several moulting specimens in different stages of advancement, but none complete, become throughout of a faint vinous-roseate hue, with the pectoral spots much contracted; while, at another season, the rosy tinge wholly disappears, the lower-parts becoming weak fulvescent, with the dark spots much larger and broader. The bend of the wing, and margins of the secondaries, are yellowish green, not unfrequently rather bright, but sometimes this colour is scarcely observable; and the axillaries, and anterior margin of the wing beneath, incline to sulphuryellow outermost tail-feather dullish white externally, but tipped, as is also the next, with purer white. Length of wing generally three inches and a half, or an eighth less or more; of tail, commonly two and three-quarters; tarse seven-eighths; and hind-claw generally threeeighths. Inhabits the Himalaya? (Nepal.) A single specimen differs from the rest in having the upper-parts plainer, especially the head, which is scarcely striated; and the pectoral and flank spots are smaller and more contracted than usual: probably the nestling dress, a little abraded.*

Among what are termed the "Warblers," comparatively few have hitherto found a place in Indian Ornithology, to what the general analogy of other countries would lead us to suppose exist. The genus Curruca, so largely developed in Europe, has only three ascertained representatives.

* Add, as an eleventh Indian species, upon the authority of Mr. Gray's catalogue before referred to, A. rufescens, Tem., v. campestris, Bechst., v. Cichlops thermophilus, Hodgson, Gray's Zool. Misc., p. 83.

1. C. orphea apud Jerdon; nec orphea vera, as I have been assured: probably Black-headed Warbler of Latham. This Indian species combines the characters of the European C. atricapilla and C. sylviella, but has a much larger and longer bill than either, which tends a little to be incurved. Length of wing three inches and a quarter, of tail two and three-quarters; bill to gape three-quarters of an inch; and tarse seven-eighths. Colour brownish-ashy above, whitish beneath, pure white on the throat and middle of belly; cap, including lores and upper ear-coverts, black in the male, dusky or blackish-grey in the female ; the nape and rump comparatively pure ashy: tail blackish; its outermost feather externally white for the basal two-thirds, obliquely separated; the next four successively less broadly tipped with white bill dusky, with whitish base to lower mandible; and feet plumbeous. From southern India. If a new species, C. Jerdoni, nobis.

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2. C. affinis, nobis, XIV, note to p. 564: C. cinerea apud Jerdon, Catal., vide loc. cit. Hitherto only observed in southern India.

3. C. sylviella, (Gm.): C. garrula, Brisson, and of Sykes and Jerdon. Since writing the note referred to in the preceding notice, I have not only received C. sylviella from Mr. Jerdon, entirely agreeing with British specimens, but have myself shot a pair, about a hundred miles above Calcutta. I observed many of them frequenting the baubul Mimosæ, in little parties; and, as in England, keeping chiefly to the trees, and not to low bush-covert, as is the habit of C. sylvia (v. cinerea).

M. Temminck mentions having received a female of C. atricapilla, the melodious British Blackcap, from Java; in which case it would probably be also an Indian bird: and I am very greatly mistaken if I did not, upon one occasion, observe C. hortensis, another charming British songster, in this neighbourhood, both seeing the bird, as far as I could make it out among the foliage, and recognising its familiar notes; though having my gun loaded with heavy shot, and being upon the look out for more redoubtable game, I did not secure the specimen.

Calamoherpe, Boie. Three species of this genus are noticed in XIV, 594-5, and one of them again in XV, 288. In Madr. Journ. No XXXI, 130, Mr. Jerdon, following Mr. Strickland, identifies C. montana with the British C. salicaria. This is a mistake, unless Mr. Jerdon has confounded two species under montana, which is improbable. More

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