feet-pits, Antelopine horns, and absence of Caprine odour. The Thárs are not gregarious at all. They rush with fearful precipitancy down the steep mountains they inhabit. Rutting season, February, March. Young (one) born in September, October. Gestate 8 months. Small gut 65 feet. Great 32 feet. Cœcum 15 inches long by 3 wide, and simple. Gall-bladder constant. (See Journal No. 45 for Sept. 1835.) CAPRIDE.

Goats and sheep.
Bakarádi.

Occipital plane of scull forming an acute angle with frontal plane. Cores of horns thick, porous and cellular. Horns seated superiorly on the crest of the forehead and by their union covering the top of the head. Canines wanting. Teats normally but two, rarely 4. Mufle abnormal and almost invariably absent. Feet-pits in all four feet or only in the fore-feet, or none. Eye and groin pits present or absent.

Types. 1, Capra Jemlaica. 2, Capra Jharál vel Quadrimammis. 3, Capra Waryatu, whose female is Hylocrius. Habitat the loftiest mountains of India: the Sub-Himalayas near the snows and the highest part of the Nilgiris. A very remarkable type tending to connect the keeled, compressed, hollow-horned and odorous Goats with the Deer family which want these marks, but possess the mufle and 4 teats of the Hemitrages, marks which the true Goats (and Sheep) are void of.

The Jharál's retreats are among the most inaccessible bare crags of the Hemáchal, close to the perpetual snows, beyond the forests. They feed in the open glades below such crags, at early morning and evening, retiring in the day to their awful fastnesses. They are gregarious and the flocks often amount to 40 or 50 animals, but generally do not exceed 20 or 30. If alarmed when feeding they go off at speed with a noise like thunder, but anon halt to gaze on the intruder, whose shot sends

them off again under the guidance of an old male whom they all follow blindly. The rutting season is the winter. The females gestate 6 months and produce usually but one young, in the months of June, July. The habitat and manners of the wild sheep are very similar to those of the Jharáls, only the latter are still more dauntless and skilful climbers. If they can but touch a rough edge or crevice now and then, they will run up nearly perpendicular precipices of many feet elevation; and they will stand on a bit of rock not larger than one's palm, looking confidently down over sheer space, with not a shrub to break the awful absence of rest for the foot. In February 1842, a male Jharál in possession of the Court of Nepaul had intercourse with a female Axis, which in July produced a young hybrid of mixed appearance, but more like the mother than the father, and which lived and grew up a fine animal. I saw it last in October 1843. I note the circumstance as a strong corroboration of that affinity of the Hemitrages to the Deer (not Bovines, as Mr. Ogilby supposed) which is indicated by the 4 teats and moist muzzle of the former, notwithstanding that the IIemitrages in all other parts of their structure, as well as in their rank odour and in their manners are such perfect goats. From the true goats however they differ, besides the grand points noted, by the total absence of beard and of feet pores. Nor could I ever get any progeny from the goats by the Jharál,* though my male of the latter species had commerce with Goats of several breeds, repeatedly, during the 6 years he lived with me, quite tame and going abroad with the sheep and goats. Small intestines 53 feet. Large, 25=78 feet. Cœcum 1 foot long and 2 inches wide. Small gut inch in diameter; great gut 21. Cœcum simple, that is, not banded nor sacked.

* They copulated freely and I was told would breed. Hence the erroneous statement

in the Journal for Sept. 1835, disproved by experiments.

Type, Capra agagrus. Habitat Persia. Foreign to India, and not therefore subject to my examination: but the several tame races of Tibet and the sub-Himalayas (Chandra, Chyapu, Sinál) and also the common Goats of the plains (Dûgû and Jamnaparia) are all typical. These animals are further distinguished by horns inserted very obliquely, not angular, compressed, and presenting a sharp keeled edge to the front, whereby they may be distinguished at once from all kinds of sheep and also from the Ibexes. They have likewise invariably a true beard common to both sexes, as have also the Ibexes; but the sheep never and, lastly the Goats have callosities on the chest and knees or knees only. Eminently bold, saucy and scandent. Gregarious. Rut in winter. Procreate in summer. Gestate under 5 months? Produce 3, 2, or 1 young at a birth. (See paper on tame Goats and Sheep of these regions, Sp. Mag. for June, 1847.)

Types. Europea. Caucasica. Jaela. Sakin. Sibirica.

Habitat the loftiest mountains of Europe, Asia and Africa. Found in the Himalaya close to the snows. These animals, with the general manners, the odour and the beards of Goats, are distinguished invariably by angular horns presenting a distinct surface, instead of a mere edge, to the front, thereby differing from the Goats proper and approximating to the Sheep. The front of the horns is likewise remarkably nodose, and the horns are of great size and sickle-like curve. Their structural peculiarities want testing and will doubtless show deviation from the type of Egagrus. Rut in autumn. Breed in spring. Gestate 5 months. Produce 2 or 1 kids. Gregarious, bold, and scandent.

Horns in both sexes.

No mufle.

Eye-pits large but immobile.

Feet-pits small but present in all four extremities.

Inguinal glands distinct. Pores vaguely defined.

Calcic tufts and glands none.

Mammæ two.

No odour in males.

Types, Ovis Ammon or the Argali of Siberia, and Ovis Ammonoides or the Argali of Tibet.

Habitat the snowy barriers of high Asia, Ammon being confined to the remoter, and Ammonoides to the nearer ranges. These animals are further distinguished as a group by angular, compressed, heavily wrinkled horns turned almost into a perfect circle, and their flat points directed forwards and outwards; by very short disced tails; and by the absence of beard. The wild Sheep proper, or Nyens of the Tibetans, never mix with the Nahoors. They are far more hardy, active and independant than any tame breeds of their kind, as may well be supposed from their terrific abode amid the snowy peaks of Hemachal. They are gregarious, feed in the glens, seek refuge on the tops, and leap and run with Deer-like power, though as climbers inferior to the Hemitrages, and as leapers to the Musks. They are often snowed up for days without perishing, unless their breathing holes should betray them to man, a more terrible foe, than the direst inclemency of the seasons! They rut in winter, breed in early summer and gestate it is said, 6 months, probably not above 160 days. The Nyens or Ban Bheras (that is, wild sheep) seldom or never cross the Hemachal, the Indian side of which range is the special habitat of the Nahoors, while to the North and West beyond Tibet, our animals are replaced by other species; so that Tibet may be considered as the special habitat of one species and the plateaux North of Tibet as far as the Altai, as that of the other species, above cited as types of the true ovine form; and it may here be added that the six sorts of tame sheep of Tibet and the Sub-Himalayas, all, without exception, exhibit the essential characters of that form.

Types, Ovis Nahoor and Ovis Barhel.
Habitat the Himalayas.

These animals are contradistinguished, besides the want of eye-pits, by rounded uncompressed smooth horns directed upwards and backwards with great divergency, and their round points again bent inwards; by short deer-like tails, but longer than in the last and undisced; and, lastly, by the absence of any thing like mane or beard. The Nahoors rut in winter, breed in summer and gestate 5 months. Their manners, so far as known, resemble those of the Nyens: but the two never commingle nor approach each other, nor will the males, how long and completely soever they be tamed have sexual commerce with domestic sheep. Great gut 24 feet. Small gut 50 feet. Cœcum 17 inches, by 2 wide. Large gut near it, of same diameter. lobed, each subdivided and a labulus. Ribs 13 pairs.

Liver 2

Further distinguished by horns bent into a half circle over the back,

*yevdos et ots, see Journal, No. 173.

+ This is the only form not verified by myself that I have meddled with, and I am indebted to the Prince of Canino for its characters.