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D.-Coinage.

His coins bore the distich :--

Sikkah zad, az fazl-i-Haqq, bar sīm o zar,
Padshah-i-bahr-o-bar, Farrukhsīyar.

"By the grace of the True God, struck coin on silver and gold,
"The emperor of land and sea, Farrukhsiyar."

A parody of these lines was current at the time in Dihli :

Sikkah zad bar gandum o moth o mattar
Bādshāh-i-dānah-kash, Farrukhsīyar,

"Struck coin on wheat, lentils and peas,

The grain gathering emperor, Farrukhsiyar."1

There are 116 coins of this sovereign in the three collections, at the British Museum, in Lahor, and in Calcutta; of gold, 18 (14 of the large and 4 of the small issue), and of silver, 98 (circular 97, square, that is, the dirham-i-shara'i or legal dirham, 1). One hundred and - twelve are dated by the regnal year. Each year of the reign is represented, 1st (8 coins), 2nd (17), 3rd (9), 4th (7), 5th (19), 6th (19), 7th (29), 8th (4). All except 6 coins (3 places not identified, 2 forged, 1 mint illegible) can be classed under the Sübahs in which their mints were situated. These 110 coins belong to 23 mints in 15 out of the 21 Şübahs-those unrepresented being Kabul, Kashmir, Ajmer, Allahābād, Bidar and Barar. The number of coins from each mint is Lāhor (16), Multān (7), Tattah (1), Dihlí, 33 (Shahjahānābād 27, Bareli 2, Sihrind 4), Gujarāt, 7 (Sūrat 7), Akbarābād, 11 (Akbarābād 6, Itawah 3, Gwaliyār 2), Audh, 1 (Lakhnau 1), Malwah, 2 (Ujjain 2), Bahar, 8 (Patnah 'Azimābād 8), Bengal, 7 (Murshidabad, 6, Jahangirnagar Dhakah, 1), Orissa, 3 (Katak 3), Khandesh, 4 (Burhanpur 4), Aurangabad (1),

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1 Sayyad Mahomed Latif, "History of the Punjab," 189, note, and KulliyātiJa'far, Zatalli, p. 57 at end. The Malahat-i-maqal of Rão Dalpat Singh, B.M. Or. 1828, fol. 74a, attributes these lines to Mirzā Ja'far, Zatali of Narnol, and states that for writing them he was condemned to death (see Beale, 189). The first line has mung instead of moth, and the second line is given as Badshah-i-tasmahkash, (strap-stretching) Farrukhsiyar. "The Coins of the Moghul Emperors in the В. М.," 1892, p. 179-190, "Coins of the Mogul Emperors" by C. J. Rodgers (Calcutta, 1893) and "Coins of the Indian Museum" by the same (Calcutta, 1894). Mr. M. Longworth Dames "Some Coins of the Mughal Emperors," (Numismatic Chronicle, II, 275 or 309, London 1902), has added Ahmadābād and Ajmer and Kambāyal to the unit towns. Khūshhäl Cand, 396a.

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Bijapur (1), Haidarabad, 8 (Arkat 3, Adoni 1, Chināpatan 3, Gūti 1). This distribution represents the facts fairly well: Kabul was practically lost, but the absence of coins from Kashmir, Ajmer, Allahābād and two of the Dakhin Şübahs, is difficult to account for.

The square silver "legal drachma" or dirham-i-shara'i is a curious coin, and to all appearance unique. By its weight it holds the proportion to a rupee of about one-fourth (exactly it is 23, or 3 annas and 8 pie, taking the standard rupee to have weighed 176 grains). From an analysis of the weights of the 97 circular rupees, I find more than half (54) range between 175 and 177 grains, the lowest weight (1) is 166.5 and the highest (4) is 187 grains. These latter coins come from the Katak and Murshidabad mints, and are probably a local variation. The diameters range from 80 of an inch to 1.1 inch; there are 60 of 85, 34 of 90, 11 of 95 and 9 of 1.0. Judging from the above facts, it is probable that the standard rupee was 176 grains in weight, and 90 of an inch in diameter.

From a farmān dated the 5th Rabi' I. of the 4th year, we obtain the following details as to Farrukhsiyar's seals. There were two; the first one was round, with a diameter of 4 inches, the second square, 1⁄2 inches each way.

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The words in the centre are not in the above order on the seal.

On the square seal the words appear on six lines, in the following order :

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6. Farmān-i-Abül Muzaffar Badshā ghā

E.-Farrukhsīyar's wives.

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We hear of only two principal wives-(1) Fakhr-un-nissa Begam, daughter of Sādāt Khan; (2) the Rathor princess, the daughter of Mahārājah Ajit Singh, whose Hindu name seems to have been Bae Indar Kunwar. The father of the former was one Mir Muhammad Taqqi, entitled first Hasan Khan and then Sādāt Khan, son of Sādāt Khan, He is called a Husaini by race, and the family came from the Persian province of Mazandaran, on the south shore of the Caspian Sea; it had emigrated to India after having been for a time settled at Isfahan. He married a daughter of Ma'sum Khan, Safawi, and if this lady was the mother of Fakhr-un-nissa, this Şafawi connection would account for the daughter's selection as a prince's bride. Şādāt Khan was wounded on the 9th Rabi' II, 1131 H., the day of Farrukhsīyar's deposition, and died two or three days afterwards. He was over eighty years of age. The following table shows his family :

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1 Tawārīkh-i-Marwar of Murārī Dās, B. M. Or. 5838, vol. 2, fol. 80b.

* The Ma,asir-al-umarā, III, 524, calls him Mir Buzurg-i-Maraʻshi. I do not

know the explanation of these epithets.

8 T-i-Mhdi, year 1128 H., Ma,āgīr-ul-umarā, II, 670-76, Mirza Muhammad, 174.

The Ma,agir-ul-umară III, 524, calls her Gühar-un-nissa Begam.

(1) T-i-Mhdi and Kamwar Khan, 166.
(2) Ma,āsir-ul-umarā, II, 524.

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The daughter of Ajit Singh was married on the 29th Ramazan 1127 H. (27th September, 1715) in the fourth year of the reign. She seems to have had no issue. After Farrukhsiyar's deposition and death, she was brought out of the imperial harem on the 29th Sha'ban 1131 H. (16th July, 1719), and made over to her father with the whole of her property. She returned to Jodhpur and we hear no more of her.

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Another wife or concubine, the daughter of the hill Rajah of Kashtwār, entered the harem on the 24th Rajab 1129 H. (3rd July, 1717.)1

F.-Farrukhsīyar's children.

The following table shows all the children that are recorded :

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(1) Jahangir Shah was born at Patnah on the 18th Zu,lqa'dah 1123 H. (27th December, 1711). He died of smallpox a few months afterwards, on the 17th Rabi' II, 1125 (12th May, 1713).8

(2) Jahān Murad Shah was born on the 16th Zu,lqa'dah 1129 H. (October, 21st, 1717) and died on the 22nd Jamādi II, 1130 H. (May, 22nd, 1718.) The mother was Sādāt Khan's daughter.

(3) Badshah Begam. This child was also born of Sādāt Khan's daughter. She married the Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1133 H. (1720-1) and was known as Malikah-uz-zamāni, "Queen of the Age." She took a prominent part in securing the accession of Ahmad Shah in 1161 H. and died in 1203 H. (1788-9).6

G.-Note on Mirzā Ja'far, Zatalı, Nārnolī.

The poetical title of Zatali, under which Mirzā Ja'far wrote, comes from zatal, Hindi, "chattering, quibbling, idle-talk," (Shakespear,

1 Kamwar Khan, 172-3, Thornton, 506, Kishtwar, a town on the southern slope of the Himalaya, situated in a small plain on the left bank of the Chenāb, 5,000 feet above the sea; Lat. 33° 18', long. 75° 46'.

* B.M. Or. 1690, fo. 156b.

8 Kamwar Khan 135. The B.M. Or. 1690, fol. 164b says he died in Jamādī I. 4 Mirzā Muhammad, 328 and 358. Kamwar Khan has 15th instead of 16th.: * Francklin, "Shah Aulum," 205.

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1212). There are several printed editions of his works. A copy of the edition of 1853, now in the Königliche Bibliothek at Berlin, belonged to Dr. Sprenger. (see his Catalogue, p. 8, No. 1638.) Beale, p. 189, says he was executed by Farrukkhsiyar's orders for parodying the couplet on the coin of that emperor. The historians make no mention of this; but the fact is possible, when we remember that 'Abd-ul-jalil, Bilgrami, wāqi'ah-navis of Siwistan was recalled, and deprived of his appointment, for a very innocent report. There are some further details about Zatali in a little Urdū work Zar-i-Ja'fari, ya'ni siwānih-i'umri-i-Mir Ja'far, Zatalli, by "Hindustani Speculator" (published by Jān Muhammad and Muhammad Ismail, Kashmiri Bāzār, Lahor, 1890, 36 pp. litho.). From this we learn that his ancestors came to India with Humāyūn, when that monarch returned to it and fought Hemü, They obtained a jāgīr and were in favour during Jahangir's reign, but in Shahjahan's time the grant was resumed, and the poet's father Mir 'Abās, was forced to open a shop. Ja'far is said to have been born about the time of 'Alamgir's accession (1658). The other children were two daughters and a son, Safdar; the latter, the youngest of the family, being about five-and-a-half years younger than his brother. Their father died when all of them were young. One Mir Sarwar sent Ja'far to school along with his own son, Akbar. In the end Sarwar embezzled the family property; and they were reduced to poverty again. Ja'far was over sixty when he died, but no year is given. In one of his rubaʻāt in his Kulliyāt he says that when he wrote it he was over sixty. The following Persian lines in praise of tobacco are by him:

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But his more characteristic style is a macaronic mixture of Persian and Hindi.

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