8. BLUMEA, DC.

Herbs, annual or perennial, glandular-pubescent or woolly. Leaves alternate, rarely entire, usually lobed or toothed. Heads in paniculate cymes, rarely in racemes, heterogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Ray-florets in several series, ?, fertile, filiform, 2- or 3toothed. Disk-florets, few, fertile, with slender tube and 5-toothed limb. Involucre ovoid or campanulate; its bracts in several rows, narrow, acute, herbaceous, the outer smaller; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with sagittate bases produced into small slender tails. Stylearms of the hermaphrodite flower flattened or filiform, rarely connate with the nearest anthers. Cypselas small, sub-terete or angular, with or without ridges; pappus hairs in a single row, slender, often caducous. -DISTRIB. About 60 species, in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Heads in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3 in the axils of small bracts on an elongated pseudo-spike

Heads few (1 to 6), in short, axillary, condensed, pedunculate cymes; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, dentate but not lobed; flowers purple ..

Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in lax, shortly-branched, leafy cymose panicles; leaves oblanceolate, dentate but not lobed; flowers yellow

Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in axillary spikes several inches long, arranged in a pseudo-panicle; leaves oblanceolate, dentate and sometimes lobulate; flowers yellow

1. B. chinensis.
2. B. balsamifera.

3. B. glomerata.

4. B. Wightiana.

5. B. lacera.

6. B. membranacea.

Scandent; young

1. BLUMEA CHINENSIS, DC. Prod. V. 444. branches half as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous, much striate and dark brown when dry. Leaves membranous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acuminate or acute, narrowed to the rounded base, the edges with remote, narrow, small sharp teeth, or sub-entire; both surfaces glabrous, the upper dark-brown and shining, the lower paler and tinged olivaceous; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, thin but distinct. on the lower surface, faint on the upper; length 2.25 to 3.25 in.; breadth 85 to 1.4 in.; petiole 2 to 3 in. Heads 35 in. across, sessile, in small pedunculate axillary cymes, 3 in. long, diminishing upwards to .75 in. in length; the peduncles and their branches everywhere pubescent, sometimes a small cyme with 2 to 4 heads in the same axil as a longer one. Involucral bracts of the outer two series short, ovate-lanceolate, blunt, densely pubescent, those of the inner two twice as long

(or more), linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous or almost glabrous, 1-nerved, longer than the copious white pappus; corolla-lobes hairy; receptacle and cypselas silky, white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 268. Conyza chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862; Blume Bijdr. 898. B. longispina, Zoll. et Morr. Syst. Verz. 121. C. serici-vestita, Wall. Cat. 2996B. Baccharis nitida, Wall. Cat. 3043.

PENANG: Curtis 2824; Wallich 2996, 3043. SINGAPORE: Ridley 2744. PERAK: Scortechini 1471.

VAR. riparia, King & Gamble. Young leaves and stems somewhat hairy; main-nerves of leaves 3 to 4 pairs, depressed on the upper surface. Blumea riparia, DC. Prod. V. 444; Clarke Comp. Ind. 85. Conyza riparia, Blume Bijdr. 899.

PERAK: King's Collector 1214; Scortechini.-DISTRIB. Borneo.

Java,

2. BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA, DC. Prod. V. 466. A shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; young branches nearly as thick as a goose-quill, tomentose, striate. Leaves thickly membranous or sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely and unequally serrate dentate or sub-entire, acute or sub-acute, narrowed at the base; upper surface dark olivaceous-green, minutely tomentose or strigose, the lower surface with dense silky cinereous-yellowish tomentum; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces, but especially on the lower; length 2 to 3 in.; breadth 75 to 1.5 in.; petioles 2 to 75 in. long, the longer ones often with lateral auricles; in the lower part of the branches the leaves often much larger. Heads sub-cylindric, sessile, or on short pedicels, arranged in large, lax, and spreading or dense, often leafy, corymbose or panicled, axillary and terminal tawny-tomentose cymes. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, densely tomentose; hermaphrodite florets very numerous in the centre, narrowly tubular; receptacle naked. Cypselas 10-ribbed, silky; pappus copious, red. Clarke Comp. Ind. 89; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 82; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270; Prain Bengal Plants, 598. Conyza balsamifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. II. 1208; Wall. Cat. 2998; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 427. C. vestita, Wall. Cat. 2998. C. appendiculata Blume Bijdr. 895 (not of Lam.).

MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.) 3143; Hervey. PENANG: Walker 160; Scott; Curtis 29. PERAK: Scortechini; King's Collector 6343; Wray 1741. SINGAPORE: G. Thomson; Hullett 372; Ridley 2742. JOHORE: King.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

VAR. angustifolia, King & Gamble. Leaves narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, less than 5 in. broad.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 2742.

3. BLUMEA GLOMERATA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15. An erect

herb, about 18 to 24 in. high; stem at the base nearly as thick as a goose-quill, sparsely sub-glandular-pubescent, the hairs spreading. Leaves membranous, olivaceous, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, the hairs on the upper surface with bulbous bases; the lower sessile, lyrately lobed, the lobes dentate, the apex acute; the upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate, dentate. Heads from 2 to 25 in. in diam., in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3, all in the axils of small leaf-like bracts along the long slender branches, forming a pseudo-spike. Involucral bracts narrowly linear, pubescent, 1-nerved; receptacle glabrous. Outer florets with very slender corollas. Cypselas faintly 8-10-ribbed, glabrous; pappus in a single row, white, shining. DC. Prod. V. 443; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 262. B. fasciculata, DC. l.c. 442; Clarke Comp. Ind. 81. B. fistulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, II. 187. B. holosericea, racemosa, spinellosa, gracilis, purpurea, and leptoclada, DC. 1.c. 442, 443. Conyza fistulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 429. Conyza racemosa, sericea, glomerata, gracilis, purpurea and holosericea, Wall. Cat. 3002, 3021, 3055, 3064, 3076, 3103.

PENANG: Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago,

China.

4. BLUMEA WIGHTIANA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect, little-branched herb, 1 to 3 feet high, covered everywhere with silky white, scanty or copious, soft, sub-adpressed hairs; stem terete, about as thick as a goose-quill at the base, striate, brown, and nearly glabrous (from the fall of the hairs) when old. Leaves diminishing in size from below upwards, thickly membranous, obovate-oblong or elliptic-obovate, the apex acute or sub-acute, gradually narrowed from about the middle to the short petiole; the edges with a few irregular coarse teeth, sometimes slightly lobed; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, and clothed, but especially the lower, with adpressed, short white pubescence; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces; length 1.25 to 3 in.; breadth 5 to 1.25 in.; petioles from 1 to 25 in. long or even more, sometimes auricled about the middle. Heads paniculate, about 3 or 4 in. across, axillary, solitary or in pairs (reduced cymes), or 4 to 6 in very short rounded axillary cymes on peduncles of varying length, but always short, the upper few inches of the stem crowded by a dense mass of cymes. Involucral bracts in several rows, diminishing in size outwards, the inner linear, somewhat longer than the pappus, all pubescent and 1-nerved; receptacle naked. Outer florets very numerous, their corollas very slender. Inner florets about 4, much wider than the outer. Cypselas small, puberulous; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 435; Clarke Comp. Ind. 74; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, II. 156 (excl. syn. hymeno

phylla); Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 261. B. trichophora, parvifolia, and phyllostachya, DC. 1.c. 436, 437, 438. Conyza lactucafolia, paniculata, bifoliata, and Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part), 3090▲, 3091, 3093. Erigeron molle, Don Prod. 172.

PENANG and SINGAPORE: By roadsides, not common. -DISTRIB. British India and Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa.

5. BLUMEA LACERA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect herb, 2 to 3 feet high; stems at the base nearly as thick as a goosequill, adpressed-pubescent. Leaves thickly membranous, oblanceolate obtuse or sub-acute, much narrowed to the petiole, the edges unequally and remotely dentate; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower somewhat the paler and with thin, pale pubescence; the upper glabrous, sub-scabrid; length 1.5 to 2 in.; breadth 5 to 1 in.; petiole 3 to 5 in. long. Heads 3 in. across, sub-sessile or sessile, in small rounded crowded cymes, on slender ebracteate axillary peduncles, 1 to 2.5 in. long, subtended by small leaf-like bracts, and occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear-oblong, tomentose, about as long as the pappus; receptacle naked. Heads 4 in. across, sessile or nearly so, in a lax, shortly-branched, leafy, cymose, pubescent panicle, 12 to 18 in. long. Involucral bracts nearly uniform, linear, acuminate, 1-nerved, puberulous, as long as the pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, naked. Cypselas narrowly oblong, glabrous, not ribbed; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 436; Clarke Comp. Ind. 76; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 263. B. Musra, DC. 1.c. 435; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 23. B. villosa, Schultz-Bip. in Pl. Hohenack. n. 2a. Conyza lacera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 428; Wall. Cat. 3082. C. thyrsiflora, villosa, and Musra, Ham.; Wall. Cat. sub 3082, 3083, 3095. C. lactucifolia, DC. 1.c. 435; Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part); Burm. Fl. Ind. 180, t. 59, f. 1.

PERAK Scortechini 141, 1430. SINGAPORE: Cantley; Hullett 227. -DISTRIB. British India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, tropical Africa.

6. BLUMEA MEMBRANACEA, DC. Prod. V. 440. A rigid erect herb, 1 to 2 feet high; stem at the base half as thick as a goose-quill, minutely pubescent from base to apex, terete, striate. Leaves thinly membranous, oblanceolate, much tapered to the base, sub-sessile, the apex acute, the edges coarsely and often irregularly dentate, sometimes. lobulate; both surfaces pale olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower paler, sparsely strigose; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 2 to 3.5 in.; breadth 8 to 1.5 in.; the leaves of the upper part of the stem smaller and bract-like. Heads ·25 in. in diam., sessile or sub-sessile, in spikes several inches long, from the

axils of small leaf-like bracts, arranged in a narrow pseudo-panicle occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, pubescent, 1-nerved, as long as the inner pappus. Corollas very narrow; receptacle naked. Cypselas small, glabrous; pappus white, in two rows, the outer very short. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 265. B. hymenophylla, DC. l.c. 440. Conyza membranacea and hymenophylla, Wall. Cat. 3019, 3038. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037D. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 429.

PENANG Curtis 2759; Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

9. LAGGERA, Schultz.-Bip.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, often rigid and decurrent. Heads panicled or axillary, heterogamous, disciform. Outer flowers, in several rows, fertile, filiform, the mouth minutely toothed. Disk-flowers, in several rows, fertile, tubular, 5-fid. Involucre campanulate; bracts many-rowed, narrow, often rigid, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers 2-lobed or sagittate at the base; the auricles obtuse or acute, often unequal, not tailed or connate with the adjoining anthers. Style-arms of the hermaphrodite flowers and the pappus as in Blumea.-DISTRIB. 9 or 10 species, in tropical Africa and British India.

LAGGERA FLAVA, Benth. in Gen. Pl. II. 290. A glabrous or puberulous herb, 6 to 30 in. high; stems striate, simple or corymbosely branched. Leaves membranous, shining, glabrous; the radical sometimes on short petioles; the cauline sessile; the lower cauline oblong, acute, cordate and sub-amplexicaul at the base; the upper cauline smaller and narrower than the lower, lanceolate; all sharply and unequally toothed; main-nerves about 8 pairs, distinct, like the wide reticulations. Heads few, 25 in. in diam., on slender peduncles; receptacle glabrous; corollas yellow; anthers sagittate. Cypselas minute, glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 90; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270. Blumea flava, DC. Prod. V. 439. Erigeron falcatum, Don Prod. 172; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 1877, II. 191 (excl. syn.). Conyza fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 3017.

This has not been collected within our area since Wallich's time.

10. PLUCHEA, Cass.

Shrubs or herbs, tomentose or glutinous. Leaves alternate, dentate or rarely entire, sometimes pinnatifid. Heads usually small, in terminal corymbose cymes, or large and sub-solitary, heterogamous, disci