fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants; 610. Lam. Ill. t. 687. E. alba, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 528; Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304. E. marginata, Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 249. E. prostrata, Linn. Mant. II. 266; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 438. E. prostrata, undulata, and parviflora, Wall. Cat. 3209, 3210, 3213. Verbesina alba and prostrata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 902.

In all the provinces. In and near cultivated ground.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally.

16. WEDELIA, Jacq.

Hirsute or scabrid-pubescent herbs or undershrubs, sometimes. scandent. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary or terminal, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets ?, fertile, ligulate, spreading, entire, or 2-toothed at the apex. Disk-florets, fertile or the inner sterile; the corolla tubular, regular, with elongate 5-toothed limb. Involucre campanulate or sub-hemispheric; its bracts sub-2-seriate, the outer 3 to 5 usually herbaceous, the inner dry; receptacle flat or convex, the pales enclosing the flowers. Anthers entire or sub-sagittate at the base. Style of florets with acute arms hirsute at their tips. Cypselas cuneate-oblong or obovoid, thick, smooth or tubercled, laterally compressed or the outer triquetrous, tip rounded, margins. obtuse or thickened; pappus none, or reduced to a toothed cup or ring, or sometimes of short scales with occasionally a few bristles.-Distrib. Species about 70, tropical and sub-tropical.

WEDELIA BIFLORA, DC. in Wight Contrib. Fl. Ind. 18. Scandent; stem and branches hispid-puberulous when very young, afterwards. almost glabrous, obtusely 4-angled, grooved when dry. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate or ovate-subrhomboid to lanceolate, apex acuminate, edges coarsely serrate except at the broad, slightly cuneate base; both surfaces dull olivaceous green when dry, minutely reticulate, sparsely hispid-puberulous; main-nerves one large pair ascending from the base of the midrib to near the apex branching outwards and one or two smaller pairs from above the middle of the midrib, all distinct on both surfaces; length 2 to 4.5 in.;. breadth 1.25 to 2.75 in.; petioles 75 to 1.5 in., those of the branches smaller. Heads about 5 in. in diam., solitary on a short peduncle .75 in. or less in length, or 2 to 4 on peduncles two or three times as long. Involucral bracts in two rows, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, concave, scabrid-puberulous outside like the peduncles, often recurved. Ripe cypselas triquetrous, scaberulous, the apex with some hairs and several short bristles, one longer than the others. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 306. W. scandens, Benth.; Prain Bengal Plants, 612; Clarke Comp. Ind. 136 (excl. syn.). Woolastonia

biflora and W.

scabriuscula, DC. Prod. V. 546, 547. W. biflora, Wight Ic. 1108. Verbesina biflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. II. 1272. Wall. Cat. 3207 (in part). V. dichotoma, Wall. Cat. 3024 (in part). Eclipta scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 3212 (partly). Acmella biflora, Spreng. Syst. III. 591.

On the sea coast, common.

17. SPILANTHES, Linn.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary or terminal, usually on long peduncles, heterogamous and rayed, or homogamous and disciform. Ray-florets, in a single series, fertile, ligulate, white or yellow. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, with 4 or 5-fid limb. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, the bracts sub-2-seriate; receptacle convex, elongate, the pales enclosing the flowers often connate with the ovary into a stalk. Anthers with truncate entire or bifid bases. Style-arms of florets truncate. Cypselas of ray-florets triquetrous or dorsally compressed, the margins and angles usually ciliate; pappus none or of 2 or 3 bristles.-DISTRIB. About 40 species, chiefly tropical American.

SPILANTHES ACMELLA, Murr. Syst. ed. XIII. 610. Erect or ascending, glabrous, branched, 1 to 2 feet long; the branches as thick as a crow-quill, striate, glabrous, pale brown when dry. Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, with sub-acute apex and cuneate base, the edges crenate serrate or entire; main-nerves a single pair, ascending; length 75 to 1.5 in.; petioles 1 to 3 in. long. Heads ovoidconical, 35 to 5 in. long, on slender peduncles 1 to 2-5 in long, solitary or in very lax panicles. Involucral bracts short, oblong, blunt or subacute, 3-nerved. Ray-florets minute. Cypselas sometimes marginate, scabrid or smooth; pappus of one or two bristles or absent. DC. Prod. V. 623; Prain Bengal Plants, 614; Wall. Cat. 3285; Clarke Comp. Ind. 138; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 307. S. calva, DC. 1.c. V. 625;

Wight Ic. 1109. S. pseudo-Acmella, Linn.; DC. 1.c. 625, and in Wight Contrib. 19; Wall. Cat. 3185. S. oleracea, Jacq. Hort. Vind. II. t. 135; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 410; DC. 1.c. 624. Bidens fervida and B. fixa, Lamk. Dict. I. 415, 416. Cotula conica, Wall. Cat. 3185. Verbesina Acmella, Linn. Sp. Pl. 901. V. pseudo-Acmella, Linn. 1.c. 901. MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.) 3186; Cuming 2361. PERAK: Scortechini 1400. PENANG: Deschamps.

18. SYNEDRELLA, Gaertn.

Annual branched herbs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, dentate. Heads small, axillary and terminal, heterogamous, rayed. Involucre ovoid or

oblong, its bracts few; the outer one or two foliaceous, passing into the flat scarious pales of the small receptacle. Ray-florets few, ?, ligulate, with short broad 2-3-toothed lamina. Disk-florets g, tubular, regular, the limb 4-toothed. Anthers syngenesious, their bases sub-entire. Style-arms of florets long, acute. Cypselas of ray-florets much compressed dorsally, smooth, their edges winged and with long teeth; those of the few, narrower, compressed or trigonous often muricate; pappus in both consisting of 2 (rarely more) bristles.-Distrib. Species 2, tropical American, 1 also Asiatic and African.

SYNEDRELLA NODIFLORA, Gaertn. Fruct. II. 456, t. 171, f. 7. An erect dichotomous annual with terete wiry glabrous branches thicker than a crow-quill; all parts more or less scaberulous. Leaves membranous, opposite, petiolate, ovate, acute, the base cuneate, the edges serrate or crenate (sometimes obscurely so); main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, the lower pair long and bold, the others short and faint; both surfaces minutely and sparsely strigose, and greenish when dry; length 75 to 3 in.; breadth 3 to 1.25 in.; petioles 1 to 4 in. often ciliate on the edges. Heads 25 in. in diam., axillary, solitary or in small clusters, usually sessile but sometimes on short peduncles; inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, shining. Cypselas of the inner flowers muricate, with 2 unequal hispid pappus hairs longer than themselves and than the corolla; outer cypselas shorter, broader, smooth, black; their edges winged, deeply toothed, pale. Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 60; Clarke Comp. Ind. 139; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 308; Prain Bengal Plants, 615. Verbesina nodiflora, Linn. Amoen. Acad. IV. 290. Near cultivation, common.

19. BIDENS, Linn.

Herbaceous, annual or perennial, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite, entire, irregularly lobed or 1-2-pinnatisect. Heads small and corymbose or larger and sub-solitary, heterogamous and rayed. Rayflorets in one series, neuter or rarely, fertile, the corolla ligulate, yellow or white, spreading, entire or somewhat toothed. Disk-florets

, fertile, tube, cylindric, limb shortly 5-fid; occasionally homogamous from the abortion of the ray-florets. Involucre campanulate or subhemispheric, its bracts in two series, often slightly connate below; the outer short herbaceous or long and leafy, the inner membranous; receptacle flat or convex; its pales narrow, little concave. Anthers entire or bluntly sagittate at the base. Style of florets with arms hirsute upwards and short acute or long apices. Cypselas dorsally compressed or somewhat tetragonous, linear or cuneiform, often narrowed but not beaked above; pappus of 2 to 4 persistent,

retrorsely barbellate arms.-DISTRIB. American.

About 120 species, chiefly

BIDENS PILOSA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 832. An erect, very variable, glabrous pubescent or pilose herb, 6 to 24 in. high; stems when dry 4-angled. Leaves 3-fid to 3-partite, or 2-3-pinnatifid, their segments broadly or narrowly ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Heads 3 to 4 in. across, on long stout petioles of varying length, terminal or axillary. Ray-flowers when present white or yellow, often absent. Involucral bracts shorter than the flowers, broadly oblong, with scarious margins. Cypselas black, compressed, long, narrow, slender, ribbed; pappus of 3 or 4 bristles shorter than the cypselas, pale brown.

VAR. 1 pilosa proper, Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 309; leaves 3-fid or 3-sect, their segments broadly or narrowly ovate or lanceolate, DC. Prod. V. 597; Clarke Comp. Ind. 140; B. leucantha, Willd. B. chinensis, Willd.; B. tripartita and B. bipinnata, Wall. Cat.

serrate.

B. pilosa, Linn.; Prain Bengal Plants, 616. Wall. Cat. 3189 (in part). 3187 (in part).

VAR. 2 bipinnata, Hook. fil. 1.c. 309; leaves bipinnately compound, their segments ovate lanceolate or linear, entire lobed or toothed. B. bipinnata, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 411. B. chinensis, Wall. Cat. 3189 (in part). B. Wallichii, DC. Prod. V. 598.

VAR. 3 decomposita, Hook. fil. 1.c. 310; leaves decompoundly pinnatifid, segments linear, slender. B. decomposita, Wall. in DC. Prod. V. 602, Cat. 3188; Clarke Comp. Ind. 141 excl. var. ß.

In all the provinces: in waste ground near cultivation, but not common.-DISTRIB. In all warm countries.

20. TRIDAX, Linn.

A perennial herb. Leaves opposite, pinnatisect, with few narrow segments. Heads solitary on very long peduncles, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets, fertile, ligulate or bilabiate, the outer lip large 3-fid, the inner small and 2-fid or none. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-fid. Involucral bracts in few series, the outer short broad herbaceous; receptacle flat or convex; its scales membranous. Anthers with short acute auricles at their bases. Style-arms of the flowers hairy above, their apices subulate. Cypselas oblong or depressed-globose, silky; pappus of unequal aristate feathery bristles. -DISTRIB. 7 species, tropical American, 1 being an introduced weed in the tropics of Asia.

TRIDAX PROCUMBENS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 900. Procumbent, hirsute, with slightly branched stems as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves membranous, few, ovate-lanceolate, deeply and irregularly serrate, 5 to 2 in. long.

Heads 4 to 6 in. in diam., on slender erect solitary peduncles 3 to 8 in. long. Cypselas brown; pappus shining, white. DC. Prod. V. 679; Wall. Cat. 3197; Clarke Comp. Ind. 142; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 311; Prain Bengal Plants, 618.

In cultivated and waste places: an introduction.

21. CENTIPEDA, Lour.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads small, axillary, sessile or racemose, heterogamous, disciform, yellow. Outer florets, in many rows, fertile, their corollas minute, obscurely lobed. Disk-florets, few, fertile, their corollas with short tube and campanulate 4-fid limb. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, spreading in fruit; receptacle naked. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-arms of flower short, truncate. Cypselas 4-angled, the apices obtuse, the angles hairy; the hairs sometimes hooked; pappus none.-DISTRIB. 43 species, Asiatic, Australian, and South American.

CENTIPEDA ORBICULARIS, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. III. 493. An annual prostrate herb with numerous thin rooting stems, glabrous or sparsely tomentose. Leaves obovate-oblong or cuneate, 2 to 5 in. long, sparsely toothed. Heads 1 to 15 in. in diam., globose, solitary, axillary, subsessile. Florets, 9 minute, numerous, tubular, minutely 3-toothed;

10 to 12, 4-toothed. Cypselas with simple hairs. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 317; Prain Bengal Plants, 620. C. minuta, Benth. in Bth. & Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. II. 230; Clarke Comp. Ind. 151. Myriogyne minuta, Less.; DC. Prod. VI. 139. Cotula sternutatoria, Wall. Cat. 3259. C. minima, Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 2170. Dichrocephala Schmidii, Wight Ic. 1610. Artemisia sternutatoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 423. A. minima, Linn. Sp. Pl. 849. Sphæromorphaa centipeda, DC. 1.c. 140.

In all the provinces: by the sides of roads in cultivated ground, not common.

22. ARTEMISIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually fragrant. Leaves alternate, 1- to 3-pinnatisect, serrate or entire. Heads small, numerous, racemose or panicled, solitary or in fascicles (never corymbose), heterogamous or homogamous, disciform. Outer florets, in a single series, fertile, very slender, 2- to 3-toothed. Disk-florets, fertile or sterile, the limb 5-fid. Involucre ovoid, sub-globose or hemispheric; bracts in few series, the outer shorter, their margins scarious; receptacle flat or convex, naked or hairy. Anthers with entire obtuse bases. Style-arms of the florets with truncate, usually penicillate, tips. Cypselas very minute, oblong,