Canscora); filaments on the corolla-tube; anthers of 2 parallel cells. Ovary 1- (or imperfectly 2-) celled; of 2 carpels, superior or stalked or slightly inferior; style linear or oblong; stigma capitate or shortly 2-lobed; placentas parietal, sometimes much intruded, partly coalescing in the axis; ovules very many. Capsule dehiscent or indehiscent, not rarely becoming more or less succulent; seeds many, albuminous. -DISTRIB. Species 700; found in all countries.

Erect herbs; lower stem leaves (often all the leaves) opposite :

Glabrous; corolla rose-coloured or white
Twiner; corolla narrow, more than 1 in. long
Floating (or creeping on mud); leaves round-ovate :-

Peduncles solitary, from the axil of a long-petioled leaf
Peduncles clustered, from the axil of a sessile leaf..

1. EXACUM, Linn.

Glabrous erect herbs. Leaves opposite, usually 3- to 5-nerved. Flowers panicled, 4- to 5-merous. Calyx deeply lobed. Corolla rotate; tube globose; lobes ovate or oblong, blue or white. Stamens attached in the corolla throat; anthers large, of two oblong cells, which open first by terminal pores or short slits. Ovary more or less completely 2-celled; style linear; stigma sub-capitate. Capsule globose, septicidally 2-valved; seeds numerous, minute, cuboid.-DISTRIB. Species 30, whereof 20 Indian, the others in China, Malaya, Africa.

Stem 1 to 4 feet; corolla-lobes in. long, azure blue
Stem 4 to 12 in.; corolla-lobes to in. long, pale blue

1. E. tetragonum.
2. E. pedunculatum.

1. EXACUM TETRAGONUM, var. ẞ stylosa, C. B. Clarke in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 95. Stem 1 to 4 feet, quadrangular. Leaves 5 by 1 in., sessile, lanceolate, 3- to 5-nerved. Panicle many-flowered; bracts at its divisions 25 to 5 in. long, linear; flowers 4-merous, or rarely 5-merous. Calyx-lobes 25 in. long, ovate acuminate. Corolla-lobes 5 in. long, broadly elliptic acute, full azure-blue. Anthers 2 in. long, straight. Style 5 in. long. Capsule globose, 25 in. in diam. E. stylosum (sp.), Griseb. in DC. Prod. IX. 46. E. chironioides, Griseb. Gent. 109, in DC. Prod. IX. 45. E. Horsfieldianum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 556. E. sulcatum, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV. 425 (not of Roxb.). E. tetragonum, Vidal Fl. Filip. 191.

SINGAPORE: Lobb 473.-DISTRIB. From Burma to Borneo and the Philippines.

2. EXACUM PEDUNCULATUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. I. 112; ed. II. 163.

Stem 4 to 12 in., quadrangular, often much-branched. Leaves 1.5 by 5 in., sub-sessile, elliptic or lanceolate, 3-nerved. Panicle usually compound, many-flowered; lower bracts similar to the leaves, by degrees smaller, to the upper less than 25 in. long; flowers 4-merous. Calyxlobes 17 to 2 in. long, ovate, acute, winged. Corolla-lobes 25 to 35 in. long, pale blue. Anthers 12 in. long, dehiscing finally half-way down. Capsule globose, 17 in. in diam. DC. Prod. IX. 46; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 97; Trimen, Fl. Ceyl. III. 182. E. pedunculare, Arn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, XI. 176; Wight Ic. t. 336. E. sulcatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. I. 415; DC. Prod. IX. 46 (syn. excl.). SINGAPORE: Lobb 358.-DISTRIB. From Oudh and Bengal to

Ceylon and Pegu.

2. MICRORPHIUM, C. B. Clarke, gen. nov.

Flowers

A pubescent erect herb, repeatedly branched. Leaves alternate except a few distant opposite pairs on the main stem. numerous, solitary, pedicelled, in unilateral repeatedly branched cymes. Calyx short-cylindric, terete, sub-2-lipped, almost leathery; lobes 5, short. Corolla small; tube campanulate, lobes 5, equal, dextrorsely contorted in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, perfect; anthers exsert, cells oblong, parallel, dehiscing by a slit their whole length. Ovary 1-celled; placentas intruded; style linear, stigma sub-capitate. Seeds very small, ovoid, not angular.-DISTRIB. Species 1, Malayan.

1. MICRORPHIUM PUBESCENS, C. B. Clarke, sp. nov. Stem, leaves, inflorescence, calyx covered with a short thick grey pubescence. Stem (upper part seen) 14 in. long; the lower part with opposite pairs of leaves (and branches) 2.5 in. apart; all the other numerous stemdivisions and leaves alternate. Leaves of the main stem 75 by 35 in., elliptic, entire, obtuse, narrowed at base; petiole 0 to 1 in. long; the other leaves similar but smaller. Pedicels 25 in. long. Calyx 2 in. long; opening at first in two lips, one emarginate 2-nerved, the other ovate 3-nerved. Corolla-tube broad, lobes short, round, soon reflexed over the calyx-margin. Capsule ovoid, 2 in. long, dry; seeds 200 μ in diam. Pollen globose; 25 μ in diam. KEDAH Curtis 2528.

yellow" (Curtis).

μ

"Height 1 to 2 feet; petals white; anthers.

3. CANSCORA, Lam.

Herbs, dichotomously branched, glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves opposite. Flowers mostly cymose. Calyx large, membranous, tubular, often winged; teeth much shorter than the tube. Corolla-tube cylindric; lobes 4, unequal (except in C. pentanthera). Ovary 1-celled;

placentas intruded; style linear, lobes 2, hemispheric. Capsule 2-valved or breaking up irregularly. Seeds very small, polyhedral.-DISTRIB. Species about 25, extending from Africa through South-east Asia to Australia.

Sub-genus 1. EU-CANSCORA. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla sub-bilabiate. Stamens 4; 1 larger perfect, 3 shorter smaller or obsolete.

1. CANSCORA DIFFUSA, R. Brown, Prodr. (1810) 451 in Obs. Erect annual, 4 to 20 in., much branched upwards. Leaves 1.5 by ·5 in., lanceolate or elliptic, 3-nerved, often petioled, upper smaller. Cyme diffuse; lower bracts at its divisions 5 in. long, ovate, upper much smaller. Calyx in. long; teeth lanceolate-linear. Corolla rose-coloured; tube in., lobes in. Capsule oblong, as long as the calyx. DC. Prod. IX. 64; Benth. Fl. Austral. IV. 372; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 103; Trimen Fl. Ceyl., III. 184. Exacum diffusum, Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 637. Orthostemon erectum, R. Br. Prod. 451; DC. 1.c. 63. O. Hugelii, DC. 1.c. 63. Pladera virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. I. 417; Hook. Bot. Misc. III. 88 t. 25.

SINGAPORE: Lobb 345. A common species, extending from East Tropical Africa throughout India to Australia and the Philippines.

Sub-genus 2. PENTANTHERA. Stamens 5 (or 6), equal, anthers all similar, perfect. Corolla-lobes 5 (or sometimes 6), equal, dextrorsely contorted in the bud.

2. CANSCORA PENTANTHERA, C. B. Clarke, sp. nov. A slender undershrub, 18 in. high, glabrous except the minutely gland-puberulous (young) petioles; stem terete with many opposite branches. Leaves opposite, 3 by 1 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate at the base; petiole 0 to 2 in. Cymes loosely, repeatedly dichotomous, often carrying 10 flowers; bracts at the divisions similar to the leaves, but gradually smaller, becoming sessile, a few pairs, connate into perfoliate bracts. Flowers solitary, 5 in. long, on pedicels 12 to 5 in. long. Calyx 35 in. long, membranous; tube triquetrous, narrowly 3-winged, ovoid-cylindric; lobes less than one-third the length of the tube, ovate, imbricate, apiculate. Corolla white (Ridley); tube as long as the calyx, lobes 5 (or not rarely 6), oblong-elliptic, equal, sub-erect, contorted dextrorsely (sensu Linneano) in the bud. Stamens 5 (or 6 in the 6-lobed corolla), equal, perfect; filaments inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube from which the erect anthers are half-exsert; anther-cells 2, oblong or linearoblong, opening by longitudinal slits; pollen 25 by 20 μ, ellipsoid, irregularly longitudinally striate. Ovary oblong, when young thin,

almost succulent; placentas much intruded; style linear, with 2 round stigmatic lobes. Capsule broad-ellipsoid, crustaceous, almost succulent (dehiscence not clear); style persistent; seeds 300 μ in diam., ovoid, somewhat angular, brown.

PERAK, Waterloo: Robertson 9088. SELANGOR: Sua Batu, Ridley; Gua Batu, Ridley 8218. KEDAH: Langkaui, Curtis 2516.

This species, the only one in the sub-genus, differs in the aestivation of the corolla, the number of the stamens, the anthers all equal, the persistent style, from the characters assigned to Canscora.

4. CRAWFURDIA, Wall.

Glabrous twiners. Leaves opposite, petioled, 3-nerved. Flowers showy, axillary. Calyx tubular; teeth 5 (or 4), long, often very long. Corolla long, tubular-funnel-shaped; lobes 5, short. Stamens 5 on the corolla-tube; anthers oblong. Ovary stalked, 1-celled, placentas parietal; style linear, stigmas 2, short-oblong. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, berried or capsular; seeds many, 2- (or imperfectly 3-) angled.— DISTRIB. Species 10-12, extending from India to Manchuria.

1. CRAWFURDIA BLUMII, G. Don Syst. IV. 200. Stem often 3 to 4 feet long. Leaves (blade) 1.5 by 75 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire ; base rounded or narrowed; petiole 35 in. Flowers axillary, solitary, sub-sessile, or the pedicel 25 to 1.5 in. long. Calyx narrow, angular; tube 2 in. long, teeth 25 in. long, linear. Corolla 1·25 to 1·5 in. long, light purple. Fruit 6 in. long, ellipsoid, purple, succulent. Seeds imperfectly 3-angular, angles (or 2 of them) often narrowly winged. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. v. II. 561 (Blumei). C. trinervis, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 128, in Tidjsch. Nat. Gesch. X. 126. Tripterospermum trinerve, Blume Bijd. 849; Griseb. in DC. Prod. IX. p. 121. [Cf. C. B. Clarke in Fl. Br. Ind. IX. p. 107, sub Crawfurdiá affini, Wallich.]

PAHANG, 7,000 feet alt. Wray 1570.--DISTRIB. Sumatra, Java.

5. VILLARSIA, Vent.

Floating, glabrous herbs. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, entire or sinuate. Peduncles solitary, 1- (or many-) flowered. Calyx deeply 5-lobed. Corolla broadly campanulate; tube short, lobes sub-rotate. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, on the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigma of 2 small lobes; placentas parietal. Capsule globose, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex; seeds several (or numerous).-DISTRIB. Species 12, in Africa or in Australia, except the following Malay species.

1. VILLARSIA AURANTIACA, Ridley MS. A small herb; stems 2 in.

long, with leaves and peduncles at the nodes. Leaves all long-petioled, 35 in. in diam., widely excavated at the base, ovate, margin sinuate; petiole 5 to 2 in. long. Peduncles solitary, 1 to 2 in. long, ebracteate, 1-flowered. Calyx 17 in. long, lobes oblong. Corolla 35 in. in diam. PAHANG Kwala Pahar, Ridley.

This example shows no fruit, and the flowers are not in a state for dissection. This collection has been supposed to be near Limnanthemum parvifolium, Griseb., which has smaller flowers, with the peduncles (several) clustered in the axil of a sessile leaf. This plant of Ridley appears to come near the Swan River Villarsia violifolia, F. Muell.

6. LIMNANTHEMUM, S. P. Gmel.

Peduncles several in the axil of a nearly sessile leaf. Capsule thin, breaking up irregularly, otherwise as Villarsia.-DISTRIB. Species 20, dispersed throughout the Tropical and Temperate Zones.

1. LIMNANTHEMUM PARVIFOLIUM, Griseb. in DC. Prod. IX. 141. Stem 3 to 8 in. long, slender, with distant nodes. Leaf 75 in., round, ovate, excavated at base, gland-dotted on the under surface; petiole scarcely 08 in. Pedicels clustered, 0 to 25 in. long. Calyx-lobes '08 in. long, lanceolate, acute. Corolla-lobes 17 in. long, white, fimbriate. Capsule 17 in. long, ellipsoid, sessile, about 10-seeded; seeds smooth but with capitate papillæ sparsely irregularly scattered. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. 132; Trimen, Fl. Ceyl. III. 189.

SINGAPORE: Cuming 2280 (in Mus. Brit.).-DISTRIB. Ceylon; Chittagong to Tavoy.

Malabar,