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whom their concerns, especially in the Opium department, are managed. The cultivation of the Poppy might be very much increased, and the north eastern parts of the district are peculiarly adapted for its production; but the expenses attending the cultivation are heavy, and now that Sugar yields so profitable a return, and is so much in demand, it is not probable that the production will be greatly increased at the present price. The cultivation is also generally unpopular; the Zemindar is jealous of his Keorees taking advances from the Opium department, because it renders them, in some measure, independent of him, and introduces into the village another authority than his own. The Keorees themselves would like the employment, if they were always sure of protection from the exactions of the inferior officers of the department. This of course depends upon the nature and vigilance of the superintendence exercised over the department. At present the organization is far more complete and efficient than it has been for some time.

12th. The manufactures of the district are a considerable source of wealth to it. These consist mainly of Cotton cloths, but some Silk goods are also made, and others, containing a mixture of Cotton and Silk, commonly called Tussur. The demand for these goods used to be very great, but is now much diminished by the competition of English goods. English twist is also very extensively introduced into the market, and has in a great measure supplanted the use of the native thread. This again has much injured the quality of the cloth, for though the English is more regular and even in its texture, it is far less durable than the country thread. The Cloth is made at looms erected in the private houses of the weavers, who are congregated in great numbers at some of the principal towns, such as Moobaruckpoor, Kopah, and Mhow, and are also to be found in many large villages in all parts of the district. They are all Mahomedans, a weak and sickly looking people, but mostly possessing fire arms, and very liable to be excited to riot by any thing which affects their religious prejudices. They have of late years been particularly turbulent, in consequence of the spread amongst them of the tenets of Seyud Uhmud. This sect is especially opposed to the ceremonies of the Mohurrum, and the several superstitions which characterize the prevailing belief of the Sheeas; whilst, by its general intolerance, it tends to embroil the whole body of Mussulmans with the Hindoo population.

13th. Every loom pays a small acknowledgment to the Zemindar,

under the title of Kurgahee (from Kurga, a loom). This is commonly called a tax, but it is more properly a rent, or equivalent for permission to reside on the estate, and obtain the protection of its owner. The payment is very trifling, generally of a few annas on each loom in the year; it is highly prized by the Zemindars, and cheerfully paid by the weavers, when no attempt is made to raise the rate, or to infringe upon the established custom regarding it.

14th. It is calculated that there are 13,682 looms in the district, of which 10,561 are for the manufacture of Cotton, and 3,121 of Silk and Tussur goods. These looms probably produce 10,00,000 of pieces in the year, which may be valued at 23,00,000, and are supposed to yield a net profit of nearly 4,00,000 to the manufacturers. The particulars of this estimate, also furnished to me by the kindness of Mr. Montgomery, will be found in the Appendix (B.) It is not likely to be too high, for the value of the exports in Cloth are supposed to be about 10,00,000 rupees, which would leave only 13,00,000 rupees worth to clothe 8,00,000 of people. None but the more wealthy classes wear any other than the manufactures of the district.

15th. It is not easy to account for the existence of these manufactures, so far inland, and in a country where no Cotton whatever is produced. Their rise was probably occasioned by peculiar encouragement afforded by former Governments; and in Mhow, tradition especially states this to have been the case, when the little Pergunnah formed the appanage of one of the Begums of the imperial house of Delhi, in the reign of the Emperor Shah Jehan. Probably, too, the superior fertility of the soil, the uniformity of the climate, and the exemption of the country from the severe droughts which occasionally lay waste other districts, has contributed to this. The great variation of the price of food in the large grain districts, would tend to discourage the formation of a manufacturing community. The habits which would be naturally engendered in a year of plenty would necessarily cause ruin and emigration in a year of local scarcity. On the other hand, a district which is always dependent on commerce for the support of its redundant population, would never suffer much distress, except in a season of general famine, when the whole country would be reduced to equal misery and destitution.

16th. There is not much trade passing through the district. The Goggra and Goomtee on either side of it, and the Ganges at no great distance, are the great channels of commerce. Some Salt finds its way across from the Ganges to the Goggra, and grain is carried back in return, but this is mostly intended to facilitate the supply of the local

wants of intermediate towns. A considerable quantity of Cotton however passes from Mirzapore, and the markets near Allahabad to Goruckpore, and Nipal through Jaunpore and Azimgurh.

17th. The chief Exports and Imports of Goods may be roughly stated thus, though the latter are evidently much underrated-bullion, in shape of cash remittances by the Government, is not mentioned.

Exports.

Cotton and Silk Piece Goods (entirely in hands of

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18th. The total Receipts and Disbursements of the Government Treasury in the whole district (including Pergunnahs Secunderpore, and Badaon of the province of Benares,) are Rs. 19,64,150, thus,

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Total,.... 10,54,301 19 3

1,02,725 13 512,32,707 38 0

3,08,176 39 8 1,23,270 31 13

5,54,718 23 2 33,89,946 13 6 30,81,769 14 0 9,24,530 15 8

5,54,718 9 5

Price of 1st quality Sugar,

Ditto 2d ditto,

Net profit Co's. Rs.

*The price obtained for the Molasses is sufficient to meet all the expences of the manufacture, and to cover the Interest on stock and its wear and tear.

96,270 1 4 0 5,776 3 19 3 1,02,046 5 3 3 1,13,773 11 11 2,54,719 15 16 0 15,283 3 5 2 2,31,583 10 0 0 2,70,003 3 1 2 69,469 1 7 0 3,01,032 11 7

31.029 8 5 2 Total,.... 4,12,957 2 11 1

87,518 4 0 0 26,255 7 11 1

11,727 6 7 2

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Total value.

No. of Cotton Cloths prepared in the year.

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APPENDIX (B.)

Statement of Cloth, &c. manufactured during the year 1836 in the District of Azimgurh.

No. of Silk Pieces prepared in the year.

No. of pieces prepared in which there is a mixture of silk and thread,
termed by the Natives Tusser.

Profit.

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Rs.As. Gs.Cs. 7,41,459 14 8 0 5,84,772 9 12 0 1,56,687 4 16 0 6,768 4 1 7 0 27,643 12 16 0

Rs.As. Gs.Cs.

Rs.As. Gs.Cs.

Rs.As. Gs. Cs. Rs.As. Gs.Cs. 19,209 8 16 0 8,434 4 0 0 2,34,576

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5,004 0 0 0 20,607 0 0 0 33,517 8 0 0

2,112 0 0 0

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4,278 0 0 0 1,602 0 0 0

9,687 0 0 0

16,078 8 0 0

2,616 1 15 7 0 5,208 0 0 0 25,416 2 3 4 0 54,726 0 0 0

3,906 0 0 0 1,302 0 0 0

42,180 0 0 0 12,546 0 0 0

31,720 0-0 0 10,046 0 0 0 21,816 7,824 23,092 64,742 1,04,322 0 0 0

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57,557 12 8 0

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3,168 3 0 0 0 9,504 0 0 0 6,336 0 0 0 3,168 0 0 0

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16,584 1 3 19 3

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90,515 15 0 0

78,365 6 8 0 12,150

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Total,....10,561 3,121 13,682 6,73,896

14,25,543 9 16 0 11,25,082 6 18 0 3,00,461 2 18 0 6,768

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Total Pieces and the Value,

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