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النشر الإلكتروني

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Part I. HISTORY, LITERATURE, &c.

No. I.-1899.

On the Kaçmiri Verb.-By G. A. GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., I.C S. [Read January, 1899.]

The Kaçmiri Verb is treated in the Akhyāta- and Krdanta-prakriyas of Içvara-kaula's Kaçmiraçabdāmṛta.

When

Verbal roots may end either in a consonant or in a vowel. a root ends in a consonant, the vowel a is added to assist the pronunciation. Thus the root kar is written kare. It is still, however, considered to be a root ending in a consonant and is referred to as such. The final a is dropped before adding the conjugational suffixes. For this reason, throughout this series of papers, I shall so far depart from the rule of strict transliteration, that I shall not write the final a of roots ending in consonants, although that finala will be written in the Nagari character.

When a root ends in a vowel, that vowel is always i. There are only eight of these roots, of which five belong to the first, and three to the third conjugation, as follows,—

First Conjugation.- khi, eat; fa ci, drink; fe di, give; fa ni, take; and fhi, take.

Third Conjugation. -f zi, be born; fa pi, fall; and fa yi, come
J. 1. 1

As in the above examples, all verbs will be quoted under their root-forms.

Excepting the verbs fa ni, take, fa di, give, and fa yi, come, all verbs whose roots end in vowels change the final ₹ i to a ya(ě) throughout (viii. ii. 11). Thus, the present participle of all these verbs is made by adding a wān to the root. But the present participle of f khi, eat,

is ¶ khyawān, not fʊa

khiwan. On the other hand, the present

participle of fa ni, take, is fala niwān, not aga nyawān. This rule is a most important one, and will be met over and over again in the following pages.

Conjugation.

There are three conjugations of verbs. They only differ in the formation of the Causal Voice, and of the past participles and of the tenses derived from them. Their consideration is postponed till these tenses come to be dealt with.

Voice.

There are three voices: the Active, the Passive, and the Causal.

THE ACTIVE VOICE.

This is formed by adding the conjugational suffixes to the root direct according to the rules to be hereafter detailed.

THE PASSIVE VOICE.

This is formed by conjugating the oblique form of the verbal noun. in un, that is to say, the shortened form of the Instrumental Singular which is used before post-positions, and which ends in verb fa yi, come, which may either precede or follow.

ana, with the Thus, from

the verb kar, make, the verbal noun is karun. The oblique form of this is karan, and the Passive is a fa karan yi, be made, literally, come into making. Compare the Hindi dēkh'nē mē ātā hai, it comes into seeing, it is seen (viii. i. 49).

Examples of the use of the Passive are (viii. i. 50).

रनन यिषान् हुड् बत ranana yiwān chuh bate, the rice is coming

into cooking, i.e., is being cooked.

qaq ya faang apana-y chuh yiwan karan, he, himself, is

being made.

Even neuter verbs can take the passive form, without, in this case, changing their meaning (viii. i. 51).

जोतान् बुद्द् zītān chuh ; or

Thus,

shaa faalą gę zōtana yiwān chuh, he is shining. The latter example is literally, he is coming into shining.

E dazān chuh, or

faladazana yiwān chuh, he is burning.

The root a bōz, hear, when used in the passive means

(viii. i. 52). Thus,

बोज़ान् बुद्
a bōzān chuh, he hears, but.

iga faaia ▼▼ bōzan" yiwăn chuh, he is being seen.

see

alga ala bōzano āv (āv, is the irregular past tense of yi), he

was seen.

aiga fafa bōzane yiyi, he will be seen.

If we want to express the passive of the verb

use a periphrasis. Thus,

to hear,' we must

बोज़नस् चन्दर् यिवान् कुड् bāzanas andar yiwān chuh, he is coming into hearing, he is being heard.

The root

gar, work metal, may mean to become hard' in the Thus,

Passive (viii. i. 53).

ma fara

garana yiwan chuh, it is being worked, or it is

becoming hard.

The root fani, take, may mean 'to have the attention distracted' in the Passive (viii. i. 55). Thus,

fa for nine yiwān chuh, he is being distracted, or he is निन यिवान् बुद् being taken.

The root fhi, take, may mean 'to be engaged in' in the Passive (viii. i. 56). Thus, f hyan yiwan chuh, he is engaged (in a business), or he is being taken.

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des, see, is irregular. Its Passive is formed thus, dreth yiwan chuh, he is being seen (viii. i. 54).

an, we must remember that in the

In adding this termination case of the verbs fa ni, take, fa di, give, fa yi, come, the first a is elided (viii. ii. 11). Thus, faa fata a nine yiwān chuh, he is being taken.

fe fa
faa faala

coming. In the
y. Thus,-
fa khi, eat,
fhi, take,

faci, drink,

din yiwan chuh, he is being given.

yin yiwan chuh, it is being come by him, i.e., he is case of other verbs ending ini, that vowel becomes

a faana ya khyana yiwan chuh, he is being eaten. fahyanyiwan chuh, he is being taken fa cyan yiwan chuh, it is being drunk.

THE CAUSAL VOICE.

A root is made causal by adding

anaw (viii. iv. 2, 3). Thus,

kar, make; ¶ karanāw, cause to make. So, in the present tense, करान् बुद्ध् karān chuh, he makes; करनावान् बुद्द karanāwān chuh, he causes to make.

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a wuphanāwān

chuh, he causes to fly. But when the causal verb means the n is changed to l (viii. iv. 4). Thus,

chuh, he incites.

" to incite,'

wuphalāwān

Intransitive roots containing three akṣaras omit the an of anaw in forming causals (viii. iv. 7). Thus,

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thatshan, be light.

mandach, be ashamed.

wozal, be red.

5

larara a tshậtshanāwān chuh, he makes light.

मन्दद्दावान् छुह् mnandachāwān chuh,

he makes ashamed.

ACNE E wŏzalāwān chuh, he makes red.

samakh, become visible. DIY BE samakhāwān chuh, he

wopaz, be born.

makes visible.

A wŏpazāwān chuh, he

produces.

This exception does not apply to transitive verbs, which are regular.

Thus,

kamav, earn.

katar, slice.

kapat, cut (clothes).

कमवनावान् बुद्ध् kamaranāvān chuh,

he causes to earn.

कतरनावान् बुद्द् kataranāwān chih,

he causes to cut in slices.

कपटनावान् छुद्द् kapatanāwān chuh, he causes to cut.

The root wusn, be hot, also drops the an. Thus, g

wuṣṇāwān chuh, he makes hot (viii. iv. 8).

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वुष्णावान्

The verbs wuz, be awake; bod, dive; lär, touch; fq pil, arrive; at kamp, tremble, and ranz, be pleased, add optionally av, instead of anāv (viii. iv. 5, 14). Thus, da ◄ wuzawãn chu-s, or gaalag ge wuzanāwān chu-s, he wakens him. So का॑म्पवान् छुस् kāmpawān chu-s, or कम्पनावान् कुस् kāmpanāvān chu-s, he causes him to tremble. The root pras, be born, has three forms (viii. iv. 5, 15) ; viz. प्रसवान् बुच् prasawãn chuth; प्रसनावान् छुट् prasanāvān chuh, and pinawẫn chuh, he causes to bear children.

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he causes to bring.

The root

chuh, or

phat, be split, makes its causal a phāṭawān

phāṭanawan chuh (viii. iv. 17).

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