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personal pronoun, in Kaçmiri we may optionally add the suffix n, which means by him,' just as much as तमि af tami does, and we get

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however, of

boh, we may add the

We thus get

karu-n-as, 'I was

karu-n, which also means 'made by him,' or 'he made' Suppose we want to express who was made by him, and that the person is the speaker, then we can say a boh karu-n, 'I was made by him,' i.e., he made me.' Instead, suffixas, which means 'I.' made by him,' i.e., ' he made me.' Again, if we wish to emphasise the fact that I was the person made, we can add the suffix fa ti, and we get the form fa kar"-n-as-ti, which means, 'I also was made by him,'' he made me also.' Again, if we want to make the verb interrogative, we can add, after all these, the interrogative particle,

a, thus, करुर्नस्त्या ¶ kar”-n-as-ty-a, was I also made by him?' did he make me

also ?

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The above examples will show the freedom with which these suffixes are used in Kashmiri. They can be combined almost ad infinitum. These suffixes may be divided into two classes, adverbial and pronominal, and in this order, I now proceed to discuss them.

ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES.

These suffixes are added to all verbs. Before all these the final h of a verbal form is elided (iv. 131). The ordinary rules of sandhi also occur. Thus i and u before a become y and w respectively, ya (ě) +ā becomes yā, and a+ā becomes ā.

1. n. This negatives the verb (viii. i. 13). Thus,

करान् बुह् karān chuh, he

makes.

करान् बुन karān chune, he does not

make.

करान् दिड् karān chih, they करान् दिन karān chine, they do not

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2. a. This gives an interrogative force to the verb (viii. i. 14).

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In the first and third persons Feminine,ay is substituted for ▼a, when the person addressed is a woman. If a man is addressed, • is used in the first person Singular, and a in the first person Plural, and in the third person.

Thus, 4Uq qe karān chěsa, am I (fem.) making ? here a man is addressed. If a woman is addressed, the speaker would say

chesay.

au a afa karān chyā (chěh +ā) as', are we (fem.) making? If a woman is addressed, the speaker must say

3.

This may be substituted for
(a) In the first person Singular
Thus,-

करान् पुस् karān chus, I make.

chey. See No. 4.

a, in the following cases.

Masculine (viii. i. 15)

* karān chuse (instead of करान् हुसा karan chusā), am I making ?

(b) Always in the first person Singular Feminine, when a man is addressed (viii. i. 17). Thus,

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(c) Honorifically in the second person Singular and Plural

(viii. i. 15).

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4. ay or, after a vowel, y. Used as follows, instead of ◄

a or

(a) In the first person Singular and Plural Feminine, and in the third person Singular and Plural Feminine (viii, i.

make.

17, 18), when a woman is addressed.

karōn chěs, I (fem.)

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करान् व्यड् तिम karān cheh

time, they (fem.) make.

Thus,

करान् व्यसय् karān chēsay am I (fem.)

If she

making? Here the speaker is addressing a woman. were addressing a man, she would say qa karān chèsa. aua a7 dfs karān chèy ạsi, are we (fem.) making ?

ana ay a▼ karān chěy sõh, is she (fem.) making?

कराम् व्यय् तिम karān chěy time, are they (fem.) making?

If she

In the three last, the speaker is also addressing a woman. were addressing a man, she would say I chya, instead of chey. (b) In the second person Feminine optionally instead of a, when a woman is addressed honorifically (viii. i. 16). Thus,

करान् व्यख् karām chčkh, thou

(fem.) makest.

करान् ष्यव karān chews, you
(fem.) make.

करान् व्यखय् karān chčkhay, or करान्

karān chokhe, is Your Honour (fem.) making? Here the speaker is necessarily addressing a woman.

करान् व्यवय् karān chěway, or करान्

karān chew, are Your

Honours (fem.) making? The speaker is again addressing

women.

5. fa ti (iv. 179). This suffix is used to signify also,' 'indeed.'

Thus,

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6.

(No. 1) and

na, nay (viii. i. 14, 16). This is a compound of no a (No. 2) or (No. 3), or of ne, and (No. 4).

It gives the force of an interrogative negative, and is used like the separate parts.

Thus,

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करान् यवना karān chewanā, do you

(fem.) not do? or

karan chewnay, do Your Honours (fem.) not make?

7. a tyā or atyay. This is a combination of fer ti, (No. 5)

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Mug Quy karān chewatyay, do Your Honours (fem.) make

(it)?

8. सन sane, सना sanā, आसन āsane, used in a question with doubt. If there is an interrogative word also in the sentence, it is added to it. Otherwise it is added to the verb. [ सना sanā is not used with a verb].

Thea of

sanā and i āsane, is suffix No. 2 already described

(viii. i. 25, 28). Thus,

9.

p. 92).

Qg khyawān chwāsana (chuh+āsana), is he really eating?

aiga Qaq gi kyāsana (kyāh +sana) khyawān chwã, what, is he really eating?

alanı qala ya kyāsanā khyawān chuh, what, is he eating?

बट

az âmıaa ararą fo▼ baṭa kaityāsana (kaiti +āsana) āsān chih
कैत्यासन
how many brahmans are there really?

aggar alfa faaıą g▼ karsanā bāgi yiwăn chuh, at what hour
is he coming? (kar=when? | bặgi=Skr. bhāga, a
portion of the day or night).

aga fafa karsanā yiyi, when will he come ?

gfagaı arada kṛtisanā āsahān, how many may there be ?

कतिसना चोस् katisanā ās", where was he?

sa. This is the vocative particle (vide ante, Vol. Ixvii, It is used exactly like san. Thus,

कैत्यासा लूख् fa kaityāsā (kaiti +ā-sā) lūkh as, how many people were there?

PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES.

1. Before these as before all other suffixes, the final ▼ h of a verb is elided (iv. 131). So also, an initial a of a suffix is elided when the verb, either after the elision of h or not, ends in a vowel (viii. i. 39). Thus, +chuh+am becomes first chu+am, and

then डु+म् chu+m= 4 chum, there is to me.

2. If the final kh of a suffix is followed by another pronominal (not an adverbial) suffix commencing with a vowel, thekh becomes h (viii. i. 38). Thus,

aca gee karān chu-h-as (for chu-kh + as), thou makest for him.

a karān chu-h-akh, thou makest for them.

3. The termination av becomes before suffixes (viii. ii.

18). Thus,

aǹą karō-th (karav+ath), we shall make thee.

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