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they are not in frequent use.

Other tenses may be manufactured on the analogy of Hindi, but
Thus, सुह करान् यासि suh karān āsi,

equivalent to the Hindi

wah kar'tā hōga, he will (pro

bably) be making. It is unnecessary to make a list of these. They can be made up as required.

Some verbs are irregular in the use of their tenses. These are the following.

The root

zān, know, when it means to know how to do a thing,

uses the Future in the sense of the Present (viii. i. 58). Thus,aaa aıfa karun zāni, he knows how to make a thing.

TEA AA parun zānan, they know how to read.

So also, fa syaṭhāh zāni, he knows a great deal.

far arfa vidyā zāni, he is a learned man (lit. he knows

knowledge).

In the same way, in writing the ceremonial part of a letter, a past tense is sometimes used instead of the imperative. Thus, afe ल्यूखथ् tamis lyukhu-th sōn" namaskar, to him was there writtenby-thee our compliment, i.e., write our compliments to him.

The root path, be, become, has no regular Present; and uses the Future for that tense (viii. i. 59). Thus,

path, I am.

pathakh, thou art.

पाथि pāthi, he is.

For the Past tense, the following
1 पाथ pāthahā, I was.

2 पाथख् pāthahākh, thon

wast.

3 पाथि pāthihe, he was.

pathaw, we are. पार्थिव pāthiv, you are.

pathan, they are.

forms are used.

gala pathahặv, we were.
alfaa path'hiv, you were.

grata pāthahặn, they were.

These forms are properly those of the Past Conditional. This verb has no verbal nouns.

Gender, Number and Person.
GENDER.

The verb has two Genders, Masculine and Feminine. The Future Indicative, and the Imperative, Benedictive, and Conditional Moods, do not however, make any change for Gender. Their Masculine and Feminine forms are identical.

Some verbs are conjugated only in the Feminine. impersonal. They are,—

tsar, be inwardly wrathful (viii. i. 45).

phos, be inwardly wrathful.

phuh, be inwardly wrathful.

marts, be inwardly wrathful.

Jwuts, be burnt.

fa phits, forget.

They are all

tyamb, look eagerly, (viii. iii. 45).

tsuv, quarrel (viii. iii. 9). (These two are feminine and

A mōrav, bear pain.

impersonal in the past tenses only.

The peculiarities of these verbs will be found described in the proper places. The first six form one group, which is known as the If tsarādi, ortsar and the others,' which will be frequently met with in the course of this article.

NUMBER. There are two numbers,- singular and plural (viii. i. 4). There is no dual. fay for yetim chih paran, means they two,' or 'they (many) are reading.'

i. 3).

PERSON. There are three persons,-first, second, and third (viii.

The first person is more worthy than the second, and the second than the third (viii. i. 5).

Thus, a ¶ fa suh to tsch pariv, do thou and he read (imperative).

aya de a tsah to běh parav, let thee and me read.

Be a ga suh ta běh parav, let him and me read.

uy a de a de чa suh to tsoh ta běh parav, let him and thee and me read.

Auxiliary Verbs, and Verbs Substantive.

There are many verbs meaning 'to be' in Kaçmiri. The following are the two commonest forms, and they are used not only as verbs substantive, but also as auxiliary verbs.

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Negative-interrogative form

Interrogative form 1 chu-s-ã, a chu-se, &c., see p. 12.

Emphatic form fa chu-s-ti, see p. 14.

chu-s-nā, see p. 14.

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Negative-interrogative form gear ōsu-s-nā, &c., see p. 14.

Emphatic form gefa ōsu-s-ti, &c., see p. 14.

Emphatic-interrogative form a ōsu-s-ty-ã, &c., see p. 14.

These verbs take the usual pronominal suffixes. The following are examples.

suh chu-m, he is to me, est mihi, I have him.
sche-y, she is to thee, thou hast her.

fa fa tim chi-s, they are to him, he has them.
¤ suh ōsu-m, he was to me, I had him.

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Any other tenses required of the auxiliary verb are formed (like

the past) regularly from the root

ās, be. Thus, Future if āsi,

he will be. It is unnecessary to give these forms.

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an" to the root. It is an abstract noun. Its formation is fully described in the chapter on Primary Suffixes. See Nos. 16, 17, 18 (ante Vol. lxvii, pp. 202 and ff.) Examples are a¶ą karun, ◄◄◄ karun”, and at karan", to make, making (ix. ii. 2, 3).

karun, belongs to the first declension, and the other two to the second. All are masculine. They are declined as follows.

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Not used.

Thus, Dat.

Obl. करनौ karanau.

The various cases are used as gerunds.

karanas kyut", for making. The oblique form

in

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fa ani, is specially परनि गछान कुछ

used to indicate intention (ix. i. 18). Thus, fa parani

gatshān chuh, he is going to read; fa a ranani gauv, he went to cook; fa af khěni gatshi, he will go to eat.

Roots ending in vowels form the Infinitive only in an" (ix. i. 21, 24). Thus, from fe khi, eat, khyan"; from fa ci, drink, d cyan. This applies only to the nominative singular. Thus, Acc. Sing., khyanas. As usual, fa ni, take; fa di, give: and fa yi,

J. 1. 4

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