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come, are exceptions. Their Infinitives are fag (g) nyun", Acc. Sing., faa ninas, or fafa ninis, and so on for the other two.

The following verbs have feminine infinitives. They never use the ordinary masculine forms (ix. ii. 24, 25).

tear, be inwardly wrathful. Infinitive af tsariñ, to be so.

tsuv, quarrel.

mōrav, bear pain.

marts, be impatient.

The verbs

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be inwardly angry;

kh's, pluck the hair; fa phits, forget; phoç,

phuh, be inwardly angry;

wazav, moisten;

and wuts, be burned, may either have a masculine infinitive in ca un, etc., or a feminine one in “ñ (ix. ii. 25, 26). Thus,

kasun or aa kesñ, to pluck the hair (sensu obscoeno). A great many other verbs also optionally form abstract nouns of the feminine gender. These are all described under the head of primary suffixes.

NOUNS OF AGENCY. There are three forms of these. The first is made by adding awun", to the root. Thus, karawun", a doer (ix. i. 25-27). If the root ends ini,aw is inserted, and the

करवुनु

khi, eat, khyawawun", a doer. take; fe di, give; and f yi, come.

iis changed toy. Thus, f Exceptions, as usual, are fa ni, These form their nouns of agency as follows, faagą niwawun", a taker, and so on for the other two. The feminine of aga karawun" is a करव॑च॒ karavan, and the noun is thus declined. See article on Primary Suffixes, No. 4, (Vol. Ixvii, p. 195).

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करवुनु

FEMININE.

करव॑च॒ karawan.

करवज़ karawane.

करवज़ karawani.

karawañě. करवज़न् karawañan. करवज़ौ karawaras.

The second form of the Noun of Agency is made by adding anwōl", to the root (ix. i. 28-31). Thus, a karanwōl", a doer. An example of a verb ending in a vowel is Quay khyanawōl", in which ◄a is inserted before wòl". As an example of fa ni, fe di, and यि gi, we may give निनवोलु ninawots. Sometimes बोल wol" can be added to a feminine abstract noun, thus, zāñwōl", a knower. Regarding these see the article on Primary Suffixes, Nos. 5 and 6, (Vol. lxvii, p. 196).

The feminine of karanwōl" is karanwājšñ, and the noun is thus declined.

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The third form of the Noun of Agency is made by adding angrākh to the root (ix. i. 28-31). Thus, q¶g karangrākh, a doer. The feminine is aqua karangrākañ (vi. 28). It is declined regularly. Thus, Acc. Sing., masc. qua karangrākas, fem,, aquaa karangrākañě. Verbs ending in vowels have the same irregularities as in the second form. Thus, ¶ khyanagrākh, an eater, f ninagrākh, a taker.

Verbal Adjectives, or Participles.

These are Present, Future, or Past. The Past Participles are either Verbal or Adjectival. Verbal Past Participles are the original Past Participles of the verb, but are not now used as participles. Nowadays they are only used as bases for the formation of Past tenses. Adjectival Past Participles are modern formations from the Verbal Past Participles, and are nowadays the only forms used as participles proper. Verbal Past Participles have three forms, viz., the Past, the Aorist, and the Pluperfect.

The PRESENT PARTICIPLE. This Participle is an active one. It has been fully described under the head of Primary Suffixes, (No. 1; Vol. lxvii, p. 193). The following resumé is given for the sake of convenience. It is formed by adding

an to the root (viii. i. 19; ix. i. 2). Thus, kar, make, Pres. Part. karān. It does not change for gender or number. The roots fani, take, fa di, give, and fa yi, come, take a wān, thus निषान् niwān, दिवान् diwan, यिवान् yiwān. Other roots ending in

i change the i to a ya, and add Part. khyawan, fa ci, drink,

17 wăn. Thus, f khi, eat, Pres. cyawan (viii. i. 19, 20; ix. i. 3).

When a Present Participle is repeated, it means that the thing is done frequently (ix. i. 4). Thus feara fearą na diwān diwān gauv, he kept giving as he went.

The FUTURE PARTICIPLE. This is a passive Participle, equivalent to the Latin Future Participle in -endus, or the Sanskrit Participle in : aniyaḥ. It is the same in form as the Infinitive in a un, unu or अ॑नु arm. Thus, इच् पाठ कुछ पषन् yih path chuh parun, this lesson is to be read, ayam pathaḥ pathaniyaḥ, fav ara yih puthi chěh parañ, this book is to be read, iyaṁ pustikā paṭhaniyā. In the case of Intransitive Verbs, the participle takes an impersonal passive signification. Thus, tsalun, it is to be fled, calaniyam, agatas chuh tsalun, it is to be fled by him, he must flee. Note that the Agent is always put in the Accusative (which is an old Dative), and not in the Agent case, as we might expect. For further particulars regarding the use of this Future Participle, see the article on Primary Suffixes, Nos. 16-18, (Vol. lxvii, pp. 204 and ff.)

The FUTURE IMPERSONAL PARTICIPLE. Another impersonal Future Participle Passive is formed by adding ani to the root (ix, i. 50). It is formed with both Transitive and Intransitive verbs. Thus a करनी tas karant, it is to be done by him, he must do; तस् पकनी tas pakani, he must go. See Primary Suffix No. 14 (Vol. lxvii, p. 201).

The VERBAL PAST PARTICIPLE.

These will be fully dealt with when describing the past tenses. Suffice it at present to say that the Past Verbal Past Participle only occurs in the first and second conjugations, and is formed by adding ▼u-mātrā to the root. Thus, first conjugation, a kar", done; second conjugation, tsal", gone. In the case of verbs of the first conjugation, it is a Passive Participle, and

in the case of verbs of the second conjugation, which are all intransitive, it is a Neuter Participle. See also article on Primary Suffixes,. (No. 10; Vol. lxvii, p. 197). This Past Participle refers to something which has lately happened.

AORIST VERBAL PAST PARTICIPLE. This will also be fully dealt with when describing the Aorist Tense. It is formed by adding a yōu or yauv, to the root. Thus, af karyōv or aafa karyauv, done. The Participle occurs for all conjugations, with this difference, that in the first and second conjugations it is an Aorist or Indefinite Past, and contains no idea of proximity or remoteness of time. In the case of verbs of the third conjugation, which have no Verbal Past Participle, it is used instead of that Participle, and refers to something which has lately happened. See, also, Primary Suffix, No. 11, (Vol. lxvii, p. 198). PLUPERFECT VERBAL PAST PARTICIPLE. This will also be fully dealt with when describing the Pluperfect tense. It is formed by adding

In the case of verbs

yav to the root. Thus, afą karyāv, done. of the first and second conjugations it implies that the action has taken place a long time ago. In the case of verbs of the third conjugation it takes the place of the Aorist Participle, the proper form of which has been used up for the Past. These verbs have a special form for the true Pluperfect Participle, which need not be described here.

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The ADJECTIVAL PAST PARTICIPLE. These are formed by adding the termination a mat or mut, to a verbal Past Participle. In the case of verbs of the first and second conjugations, this is added to the Past Participle in u-mātrā, and in the case of verbs of the third conjugation to the Aorist Participle in a yōv orayauv, the final

of which is elided. Both members of the compound thus formed are liable to changes of inflexion and gender (ix. i. 40). See also article on Primary Suffixes, (No. 12; Vol. lxvii, p. 198). Examples are,— FIRST CONJUGATION.

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व्ययम॑नु॒ vyathayōmat", व्ययौम॑नु॒ vyathryamat", व्ययोमुनु vya!hyāmuts, or a vyaṭhyaumut”, become fat, from vyath, be fat. It is thus

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Verbal Adverbs, or Conjunctive Participles.

There are two of these, a Present and a Past.

The PRESENT CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE. This is formed from the

Present Participle by adding

long. Thus, from kar, make, Present Participle,

i-mātrā, and modifying the preceding a karān,

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