Present Conjunctive Participle, fa karāni, on making, at the time of making. It is used in sentences like the following ▼ adfa na suh karāni gauv, he went away as he was doing it. This form is not mentioned by Içvara-kaula, and, according to my paṇḍit, is only used by rustics. It is more elegant to use the simple Present Participle. Thus, सुच् करान् गौव् suh karān gauv. The PAST CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE. This form corresponds to the Sanskrit Conjunctive Participle in a tra, ora ya ( tya), and means 'having done so and so.' It is fully described in the Article on Primary Suffixes, (No. 2; Vol. lxvii, p. 193), and the more important information there given is here repeated for the sake of convenience. It is formed by adding ith or with kyath, to the root. Thus, करिथ् karith, having made, परिथ् parith, having read. So also करिथ् काथ् karith kyath, having made, and aft parith kyath, having read (ix. i. 5, 6). Before this suffix a radicala is modified, a radical è becomes i, and a radicalō becomes (ix. i. 13-15). Thus,— Roots ending in vowels, form their Conjunctive Participle as follows (ix. i. 7, 8). fkhi, eat. fci, drink. khyath, having eaten. cyath, having drunk. The following are irregular,— wud, fly, when it wujith. Thus, for means to obtain salvation (mōkṣa) makes a wujith gauv, having obtained salvation, he went, i.e., he went to heaven, but gf na wuḍith gauv, having flown, he went, i.e., he flew away (ix. i. 9). The causal verb qua mạṣerūw, cause to forget, makes mafąą māṣawith, when the object forgotten is death. Thus, mufaų मरुन् marun māṣawith, having caused to forget death. If anything else is forgotten, it is qu|faq mạṣarặwith, regularly (ix. i. 10). When the Conjunctive Participle is repeated, to imply continuous action, theth is dropped, and the final i becomes i-mātrā (ix. i. 11, 12). Thus, afe afe kari kari, having made, having made, i.e., having kept making. afar afa büz', büz', having kept hearing. alfe alfe kāri kāri, having kept boiling. alfe aife tāri tāri, having continued passing people over. Verbs ending in vowels optionally retain the th. Thus, khe khe, or a khyath khyath, having kept eating. f f di di, or fa fa dith dith, having kept giving. NEGATIVE CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE. This is formed by adding anay to the root (ix. i. 51). Thus, a karanay, not having done. See Primary Suffix, No. 14, (Vol. lxvii, p. 201). A. Indicative Mood. 1. PRESENT TENSE. The same form is used both for the Definite, the Habitual, and the Indefinite Present (viii. i. 7-10). Thus, paran chuh, he is reading, or he is in the habit of reading, or he reads. So we have,— ईश्वर् ज़गतस् रछशन् कुड् Içwar zagatas rachān chuh, God protects the world. ala aną kad pāne pānas rachan chuh, by himself (i.e., by his own power) he protects himself. Atmanā atmānaṁ pālayati. व्याकरण् परान् बुद्ध् ल्वकुटु vyākaran parān chuh lökut", the boy is reading (i.e., has arrived at that stage of his studies) grammar. गङ्गाय गङ्गान् कुच् प्रथ् कुंबस् gangays gatshin chuh prāth kumbas. He visits (is in the habit of visiting) the Ganges at every kumbha festival. kyah chuh murts karan, does he make images? (is that his profession ?) क्याद् हुड् जान् लेखान् kyāh chuh jān lekhān, is the holy man writing (and going on writing)? QY Y Y Raŋa kyāh chuh ratu gyawān, is the good man singing? This tense is found by adding the Present Tense of the auxiliary verb to the Present Participle of the principal verb, which does not change for gender or number. It is therefore thus conjugated. p. 11. Negative form, aua gua karān chusne, I do not make, &c., see Interrogative form, करान् कुसा karān chusā, करान् कुस karān chuse, &c., do I make? see p. 12. Negative Interrogative form, karan chusnā, &c., do I not make? see p. 14. Emphatic form, fa karān chusti, &c., I do indeed make, see p. 14. Emphatic Interrogative form, karān chustyā, &c., do I indeed make? see p. 14. In this, and in other periphrastic tenses, it is elegant to put the auxiliary before the verb (viii. i. 22, 23, 24) when standing in a sentence. Thus,― ne by a bate chuh suh khyawan, he is eating rice, is more elegant than बत सुद्द् यवान् कुछ bata suh khyawān chuh, though both are correct. नव पत बुद् आसनस् प्यठ् बिहिथ् पूजा करान् tanve pate chuh āsanas pyath bihith pūzā karān, after that; he is doing worship having sat down on a seat, is more elegant than a वासनस् प्यठ् बिहिथ् पूजा करान् बुद्द् tays pate āsanas pyath bihith pūzā karān chuh, though both are correct. So the following is the most elegant order, — ईश्वर् बुद्द् वासान् कोशिय içwar chuh asān kāçiya andar, God exists in Benares. When, however, the verb stands by itself as in the paradigm, the auxiliary always follows. The following are examples of the use of pronominal suffixes, (pp. 15 and ff )— qgaq mua bõh chus-ath karān, I make thee (viii. i. 37). de gaa aaa bõh chus-an karān, I make him. Je gag auta bõh chus-as karān, I make for him. de qua acia bŏh chus-akh karān, I make them. Similarly for the other persons, which are all regular, except ♫♥ suh chu-s karän, he makes him, or for him (not p. 19). chu-n) (see 2. IMPERFECT TENSE. This tense is not described by Içvara-kaula. It is formed exactly like the Present, except that the Past tense of the Auxiliary Verb is used instead of the Present. Thus, The various adverbial suffixes are added as in the case of the Present Tense. They will be found in detail under the paradigm of the auxiliary verb, and need not be repeated here. One example will suffice. a digga karān ōsusno, I was not making. As in the case of the Present, in a formal sentence, it is more elegant to place the auxiliary before the present participle. Thus, ōs" suh khyawān, he was eating rice. wala bate Thus, ge dìgay acią boh ōsus-ath karān, I was making thee. Je dìgag acią boh ōsusakh karān, I was making them. And so others. |