If the root-vowel is i, before i-mātrā, it is unchanged. Thus, fefa livi, they (masc.) (were) plastered. If the root-vowel is i, before u-mātrā, it becomes yu. Thus, cir, squeeze out, cyūr”, he (was) squeezed out. If the root-vowel is i, before u-mātrā it is unchanged. Thus, cir, she (was) squeezed out. If the root-vowel is i, before i-mātrā it is unchanged. Thus, f ciri, they (masc.) (were) squeezed out. If the root-vowel u or u, it always remains unchanged. Thus, from ya buz, parch, yo buz", yo buz", yfa buzi. buză, îfa buzi. From e lut, rob, qe lūta, qz lūta, afe lūti. लूट बुजू If the root-vowel is ē, before u-mātrā, it becomes yu. Thus, pher, be turned, phyūr", he (was) turned (viii. iii. 21, 22). If the root-vowel is e, before u-mātrā, it becomes i. Thus, फौ phir, she (was) turned (viii. iii. 23). If the root-vowel is e, before i-matra, it becomes . Thus, ft phiri, they (were) turned (viii. iii. 21, 22). If the root-vowel is ō, before u-mātrā, it becomes . Thus, bōz, hear, do būz“, he (was) heard (viii. iii. 24). If the root-vowel is ō, before u-mātrā, it becomes . Thus, būza, she (was) heard (viii. iii. 25). बूज़ If the root-vowel is ō, before i-mātrā, it becomes . Thus, f buz, they (masc.) (were) heard (viii. iii. 24). Before è ora of the feminine plural, the root-vowel is always unchanged. Thus, कर्य karē, मार्च mārē, लिय live, चौर्य cirē, बुज़ buze, फेर्य phērē, बोज़ boze. When any pronominal suffix except a we is added to a form ending in a matra-vowel, that mātrā-vowel becomes fully pronounced, but the modification of the root-vowel remains unchanged. Thus, karu (pronounced kor)+an, becomes a karun, pronounced korun, and not karun or korn. So mōr”+ becomes a mōrun, and so on. In such a case, ū-mātrā is pronounced as a short German ü. Thus, a karū (pronounced kür) +♬ n, becomes karūn, pronounced kürün. If the suffix is J. 1. 6 a wa, the mâtra-vowel remains unchanged. Thus, ku̟ra + wa, he (was) made by you, becomes karwe, and is pronounced korw“, and not koruw. So kara + we made (fem.) by you, becomes kar-we, and is pronounced kürwe. Similarly, when a mātrā-vowel is followed by any other vocalized syllable, it remains a mātrā-vowel. Thus, aqaa kar”-n-as, not ◄◄◄ę ku̟runas, (was) made-by-him-I. Even in such cases, Içvara-kaula (as in viii. iii. 3 and 4) writes karuwa, fe likhiwa, &c., with the mātrā-vowel apparently fully pronounced, but in this he is, according to my Pandit, incorrect, and it is a mere slip of the pen. When, in the feminine plural, a ya (ě) follows one of the letters ats, a tsh, ♬ z, or, the ye becomes • (viii. iii. 47). Thus, fa dits+ y becomes fa dits", they (fem.) (were) given. So aa hets + yo, becomes hets, they (fem.) (were) taken. So वाच़_wāts + य ye becomes बात wātse, they (fem.) arrived, दज़ duz+ य y becomes daze, they (fem.) were burnt (viii. iii. 7, 12). ās+ So alsoy is often elided afters (viii. iii. 13). Thus, ay, becomes as, they (fem.) were. बस् bas + य ye, बस bass, they (fem.) dwelt. Içvara-kaula restricts this to verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but, according to my Pandit, y is also elided after all verbs of the 1st conjugation, except in the case of tsas, laugh loudly (impersonal). Thus, from kas, fry, feminine plural kaso, but, from tsas, tsase. In the case of the following verbs of the 1st conjugation, the y may, according to my Pandit, be optionally retained. ਗਚ thās bury; das, beat; Thus, thāso, or ☎ mus, eat improperly; ss, break wind. ṭhāsě. It will be seen that the feminine of this participle ends in u-mātrā, in yo (ě), or in “. Before these terminations, the final consonant of the Past Participle undergoes certain changes. These changes only occur in the first and second conjugations. They are as follows: ་ Finalk, kh, and g, become c, ch, and respectively, before both u-mātrā and ya (ě) (viii. iii. 7). Thus, From Root ◄ thak, be weary; she (was) weary; ◄◄ lekh, write; thak", he (was) weary; but thạc", thace, they (fem.) (were) weary. lyukh", he (was) written; but lich, she (was) written; written. leche, they (fem.) (were) ca day, pound; a dạy", he (was) pounded; but đại đại, she (was) pounded; th, and d, become daje, they (fem.) (were) pounded. c,ch, and j respectively, before yo (ě), but not before ū-mātrā (viii. iii. 70). Thus,— phat, be split; (was) split; but a phat", he (was) split; we phat", she phace, they (fem.) (were) split. ¤☎ maş, forget; # math", he (was) forgotten; math, Hạ a at, th, d, and n, become ts, teh, z, and ñ 99 respectively, before both u-mātrā, and before yo (ě), which latter then becomes a by the rule given on the last page (viii. iii. 72, 73). Thus,From Root kat, spin; aą kat", he (was) spun; but a kate, she (was) spun; katse, they (fem.) (were) spun. woth, arise; ♫ wặth", he arose; but a wặtsh", she arose, and wotshe, they (fem.) arose. ◄◄ lad, build; ę lạd", he (was) built; but lạz”, she (was) built, and laze, they (fem.) (were) built. ran, cook; ta rạn", he (was) cooked; but tại rạn, she (was) cooked, and raño, they (fem.) (were) cooked. I becomes j before both u-matrā and yo (ě) (viii. iii. 74). Thus, From Root teal, flee; teal", he fled; but teaj“, she fled, and tsajě, they (fem,) fled. gah, grind; and tsah, suck, under similar circumstances change their finalh to f (viii. iii. 75). Thus, ч pyuh”, he (was) ground; but fun piç, she (was) ground; and fam piçe, they (fem.) were ground. Combining what is said here, together with what has been said above (pp. 40 and ff.) regarding vowel changes, we come to the three following general rules, all of which apply only to the first and second conjugations, and do not apply to the third. 1. In the Past Participle masculine, both singular and plural, only the root vowel, and not the final consonant, is liable to change. 2. In the Past Participle feminine singular, both the root vowel and the final consonant are liable to change. 3. In the Past Participle feminine plural, only the final consonant, and not the root vowel, is liable to change. These three rules are most important, as the whole scheme of conjugating the Past Tense depends upon them. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES. The following verbs have irregular Past Participles. The irregularities are, of course, carried through the Past tense. |