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If the root-vowel is i, before i-mātrā, it is unchanged. Thus, fefa liv, they (masc.) (were) plastered.

If the root-vowel is i, before u-mātrā, it becomes yu. Thus, cir, squeeze out, cyur", he (was) squeezed out.

If the root-vowel is i, before u-mātrā it is unchanged. Thus, cir, she (was) squeezed out.

If the root-vowel is ī, before i-mātrā it is unchanged. Thus, f cir, they (masc.) (were) squeezed out.

If the root-vowel u or u, it always remains unchanged. Thus, from a buz, parch, ja buz", Joi buz", gf buzi. From lût, rob, lūțe, az lūṭī, afe lūți.

लूट्टू लूट

बु

If the root-vowel is ē, before u-mātrā, it becomes yu. Thus, t phēr, be turned, a phyūr", he (was) turned (viii. iii. 21, 22).

If the root-vowel is ē, before u-mātrā, it becomes i. Thus, phira, she (was) turned (viii. iii. 23).

If the root-vowel is ē, before i-mātrā, it becomes i. Thus, ft phiri, they (were) turned (viii. iii. 21, 22).

If the root-vowel is ō, before u-mātrā, it becomes ū. Thus, bōz, hear, būz", he (was) heard (viii. iii. 24).

If the root-vowel is ō, before ū-mātrā, it becomes . Thus, būzu, she (was) heard (viii. iii. 25).

If the root-vowel is ō, before i-mātrā, it becomes . Thus, f buzi, they (masc.) (were) heard (viii. iii. 24).

Before è ora of the feminine plural, the root-vowel is always unchanged. Thus, कर्य karē, मार्य mārē, लिव्य live, चौर्य cirč, बुज़ buze, फेर्य phers, बोज़ boze.

When any pronominal suffix except we is added to a form ending in a mātrā-vowel, that mātrā-vowel becomes fully pronounced, but the modification of the root-vowel remains unchanged. Thus, a karu (pronounced kor)+an, becomes karun, pronounced korun, and not karun ¶¶ mōrun, and so on. In such a

or korn. So ¶ mōru+♬ becomes case, ū-mātrā is pronounced as a short German ü. Thus, a karu (pronounced kür) + n, becomes karūn, pronounced kürün. If the suffix is

J. 1. 6

a w2, the matrã-vowel remains unchanged. Thus, ku̟ra + wa,

he

(was) made by you, becomes a karwe, and is pronounced korwe, and not koruwe. So ← kari + we made (fem.) by you, becomes kar"-w", and is pronounced kürwe. Similarly, when a mātrā-vowel is followed by any other vocalized syllable, it remains a mātrā-vowel. Thus, aqaa kar”-n-as, not a◄aę karunas, (was) made-by-him-I. Even in such cases, Içvara-kaula (as in viii. iii. 3 and 4) writes ◄◄◄ karuwa, fa likhiwe, &c., with the mātrā-vowel apparently fully pronounced, but in this he is, according to my Pandit, incorrect, and it is a mere slip of the pen.

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When, in the feminine plural, a ya (ě) follows one of the letters ts,tah, z, or, the ye becomes a (viii. iii. 47). Thus, ditsy becomes fa dits", they (fem.) (were) given. So aa hèts +◄ y', becomes hets, they (fem.) (were) taken. So wāts, they (fem.) arrived,

a wats+ ya becomes

y becomes daze, they (fem.) were burnt (viii. iii. 7, 12).

duz+a

ās+

So alsoy is often elided afters (viii. iii. 13). Thus, y, becomes as, they (fem.) were. बस् bas + य ५९, बस base, they (fem.) dwelt. Içvara-kaula restricts this to verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but, according to my Pandit, y is also elided after all verbs of the 1st conjugation, except in the case of (impersonal). Thus, from kas, fry, feminine from tsas, tsase.

tsas, laugh loudly plural kas", but, a

In the case of the following verbs of the 1st conjugation, the y may, according to my Pandit, be optionally retained. ☎ ṭhās bury; das, beat;

Thus, a thās", or ☎

mus, eat improperly; ss, break wind. thāsě.

It will be seen that the feminine of this participle ends in ù-mātrā, in y (ě), or in . Before these terminations, the final consonant of the Past Participle undergoes certain changes. These changes only occur in the first and second conjugations. They are as follows:

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Finalk, kh, and g, become c, ch, and respectively, before both u-mātrā and a ya (ě) (viii. iii. 7). Thus,

From Root

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thak, be weary; thak", he (was) weary; but d thạc”,

she (was) weary;

lekh, write;

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thace, they (fem.) (were) weary. lyükh", he (was) written; but

lich, she (was) written; leche, they (fem.) (were) written.

■■ dag, pound; ¿ỵ đạg”, he (was) pounded; but i dạj”, she (was) pounded; daje, they (fem.) (were) pounded. ,th, and, become c,ch, and j respectively, before yo (ě), but not before u-mātrā (viii. iii. 70). Thus,

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phat, be split; (was) split; but

phat", he (was) split;

phat", she

phace, they (fem.) (were) split.

¤☎ maș, forget; H☎ mạth", he (was) forgotten; de math", she (was) forgotten; but mache, they (fem.) (were)

forgotten.

gand, bind;

(was) bound; but

gand", he (was) bound; gand, she

ganje, they (fem.) (were) bound.

at, th, d, and n, becomets, teh, z, and ตะ ST ñ respectively, before both u-mātrā, and before yo (ě), which latter then becomes a by the rule given on the last page (viii. iii. 72, 73). Thus,— From Root kat, spin; ą kat", he (was) spun; but ➡ kate”, she katse, they (fem.) (were) spun.

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(was) spun;

woth, arise;

arose, and

q wặth”, he arose; but wặtch", she wŏtsho, they (fem.) arose.

◄◄ lad, build; ➡

(was) built, and

lạd", he (was) built; but laz, she

laze, they (fem.) (were) built.

ran, cook; ta rạn", he (was) cooked ; but tại rạn", she

(was) cooked, and raño, they (fem.) (were) cooked.

1 becomes j before both u-matrā and ya (ě) (viii. iii. 74).

Thus,

From Root teal, flee;

teal", he fled; but teaj, she fled, and

tsajě, they (fem,) fled.

The verbs fa

gah, grind; and

pih, grind; muh, deceive; sah, bear;

tsah, suck, under similar circumstances change their

finalh toç (viii. iii. 75). Thus,

pyuh", he (was) ground; but fun piç, she (was) ground;

and fam piçe, they (fem.) were ground.

Combining what is said here, together with what has been said above (pp. 40 and ff.) regarding vowel changes, we come to the three following general rules, all of which apply only to the first and second conjugations, and do not apply to the third.

1. In the Past Participle masculine, both singular and plural, only the root vowel, and not the final consonant, is liable to change.

2. In the Past Participle feminine singular, both the root vowel and the final consonant are liable to change.

3. In the Past Participle feminine plural, only the final consonant, and not the root vowel, is liable to change.

These three rules are most important, as the whole scheme of conjugating the Past Tense depends upon them.

IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES.

The following verbs have irregular Past Participles. The irregularities are, of course, carried through the Past tense.

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* ▼ las, is sometimes used regularly by the vulgar, thus, y lạs“, &c. (vii.ii. 96). In the fem. sing. Içvara-kaula sometimes writes de litsha, and sometimes lūtsh. According to my Pandit, the latter is the correct form.

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