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النشر الإلكتروني

7. PERFECT TENSE.

This tense is not described by Içvara-kaula. It is formed by conjugating the Adjectival Past Participle with the Present tense of the Auxiliary Verb. As in the case of the other past tenses, the construction is passive in verbs of the first conjugation, and active in verbs of the second and third. The pronominal suffixes are added as in the past tenses. They are added to the Auxiliary Verb, and not to the Participle. In the first conjugation they are suffixes of the agent case, and in the other two of the nominative case. As in the case of the Past tense, there are a, b, and c forms,-i.e., we may omit the suffixes at pleasure, except in the second person. Thus,

(a). dfa aqua ▼▼ tạmi kar"mạt chuh, by him has been made,—
(b). Hfa dqda ga tạmi kar"mat" chu-n, by him has been made-
by-him,-

(c).

kar"mạt chu-n, has been made-by-him,—

all meaning he has made.'

In the second person, only the b and c forms are used. Thus,

(6). Ta đóng ga tôle kạn mạt chu-va, by you has been made

by-you.

(c). aqua ya kạr"mạt" chu-w, has been made by you, both meaning 'you made.' We cannot say a gy töhě karamatu chuh. In the paradigms, I shall only give the c. forms.

The Auxiliary Verb may either precede or follow the Participle. Thus, क॑ष॒म॑तु॒ कुम् kar"mat* chu-m or कुम् केम॑नु॒ chu-m kgr*mate, but it is considered more elegant for it to precede, when in a sentence, and not standing by itself. Thus, IT Ha mě chu-m gar• kar"mat", I have built a house. When standing by itself, the Auxiliary Verb usually follows.

The following is the conjugation of this tense. Regarding the formation of the Adjective Past Participle, and its declension, see p. 29.

PLURAL.

A. FIRST CONJUGATION.

(a). Transitive verb, (c. Forms only).

'I have made,' Lit. ' he, she, it, etc., has (have) been made by me.'

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Feminine. कर्यमन्त्र karēmatse.

1 कम॑नु॒ चुस् kar*mata chu-m, केमच॒ यम् kgr#maks# chč-m | करिम॑ति बिम् kar+mati chi-m. कर्यमत्र थम् karčmatge

che-m.

karmata chu-th. कम॑च॒ यथ् karmaist chč-th. केरिमेति छिथ् karimati chi-th. कर्यमन्त्र यथ् karēmaise

affa

che-th.

कर्मतु कुन् kgr#mat" chu-n. केमेचू छन् kar©matss chč-n. करिमेति छिन् karimgti chi-n. कर्यमत्र यन् karēmatse chč-n.

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क॑रम॑ति दिड् kgrimati chih. क॑रम॑ति व karimati chi-ws. कर्यमत्र व्यव karēmatsa

कर्यमन्त यच् karčmalss chčh.

che-wa.

3

che-wo.

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(b). Impersonal verb, (c. Forms only).

'I have laughed,' lit., 'it has been laughed by me.'

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When the grammatical subject (i.e., the logical object) is a pronoun, it is frequently added in the shape of another pronominal suffix (nominative form). The following are the masculine forms used. Feminine forms can be easily made on the same principle:

dada yuq kar"mạt chu-th-as, have been made-by thee-I,

thou hast made me.

So dua karmats

che-th-as, thou hast made me (fem.). afcúfa fuq karimąt chi-th, thou hast made us (masc.).

There is no suffix for the first person plural. ➡quq yuq kar"mạt” chu-n-as, he has made me. dqda qaq kar“mat” chu-w-as, you have made me. karmat" chu-h-as, they have made me.

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When the logical object is the third person, the forms of the first and third persons are not used in this way. This applies also to the plural. We thus have only the two following forms:

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dqda kar"mąt",

· बुथन्

chu-th-an, thou hast made him.
chu-w-an, you have made him.

For I have made him,' we must use the full pronoun; thus,

➡qda suh chu-m kar”mat”, and so for the others.

मिव chi-m-aws, I have made you.

dfcúfa – karimati,
karimati, 2 चिनव chi-n-aws, he has made you.

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वि chi-h-awe, they have made you.

दिथख् chi-th-akh, thou hast made them.

शिवख् chi-w-akh, you have made them.

B. SECOND CONJUGATION.

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bặvumutu chuh. bặvũmatsu chěh. bovimati chih. | bŏvěmats chěh.

C. THIRD CONJUGATION.

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8. THE PERIPHRASTIC PLUPERFECT TENSE.

This tense, also, is not mentioned by Içvara-kaula. It is formed exactly like the perfect, except that the past tense of the auxiliary verb is used instead of the present. It is unnecessary to give full paradigms, the following examples will suffice.

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kar”mat" ōsu-m, I had made (him).

deda algų karūmats” ās”-m, I had made (her).

affe affey karimati ḍsi-m, I had made (them, masc.).

¶¶¶¶ karĕmats āsa-m, I had made (them, fem.).

tang sự bộc mạt" Āsu-s, I had become.

gwuphyōmạt” ōsu-s, I had flown.

Or, with double pronominal suffix.

dqda diqqa kar"mat" ōs"-th-as, thou hadst made me.
B. Imperative Mood.

1 (a). THE PRESENT TENSE.

The terminations are (viii. ii. 5).

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From fa di, give, which does not end in a consonant, we get for

2nd singular fe dih, not fe di.

If the root of the verb contains the letter, that becomes

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So also, if the root contains e, it becomes i (7). Thus,

ner, go forth,

क gēk, fear,

pēd, exude,

নীरি nirin.

affaq çtkin.

पौडिन pidin.

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