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These changes, however, do not occur in the second person singular (8). Thus, we have, rōz, a tōl, pōth, a nēr, a पोढ़ नेर्

शक gēk, पेड़ ped.

We thus find the Present Imperative of a rōz, remain, to be conjugated as follows.

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Every root ending in a vowel, takes the letter y before all terminations, except that of the second person singular (10). Moreover a finali of the root is changed to a ya(ě), except in the case of the verbs fa ni, take, fe di, give, and fa yi, come (11). We thus get the following conjugation of a verb whose root ends in a vowel.

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The root fyi, come, is further irregular, in that, besides being conjugated like fe di, it also optionally takes the following form (viii. ii. 12).

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The root bov, become, has the following forms (14).

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The verbs (see pp. 16, 22, 37 and 49).

tsar, be inwardly wrathful.

phos, be inwardly wrathful.

phuh, be inwardly wrathful.

marts, be inwardly wrathful.

wuts, be burnt.

fphits, forget.

tyamb, look eagerly.

All of which are impersonal, and are only used in the third person singular, to which the appropriate pronominal suffixes of the dative are added. (viii. ii. 9).

Thus,

afiq tsarin-ay, let there be inward anger to thee, i.e., be

thou angry.

fa tsarin-awa, be ye angry.

fa tsarin-as, let him be angry.

fa tsarin-akh, let them be angry.

Regarding the vowel changes, see the following rule.

When a pronominal suffix is added to the Imperative third person singular or plural, the of the imperative becomes i-mātrā, and the preceding vowel is modified. Thus,

afa karin, let him make.

afta karin-am, let him make for me.

The second person is,

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When a pronominal suffix is added to the second person singular of the imperative of a root ending in a consonant, the letter u is inserted (16). Thus, karu-n, make him or it (a very common form); karu-m, make for me; karu-s, make for him; E

karu-kh, make for them.

As regards roots ending in a vowel, from fa khi, eat, we have khe-m, &c. From fa ni, take, fe di, give, and fa yi, come, we

have fa di-m, give thou to me, &c.

When a pronominal suffix is added to the second plural imperative of any verb, iv, becomes ayu (17). Thus,

for me;

karyū-m, make ye

karyū-s, make ye for him; a karyū-kh, make ye for

them. So from f◄ khi, eat,

khyayu-m, &c., and from fa ni, fe di,

aud यि yi, दियूम् diyū-m, &c.

1 (b). THE MODIFIED PRESENT IMPERATIVE.

This, though not a respectful imperative, is more polite than the simple tense. It is formed by inserting the particle a ta. It expresses encouragement, like the Hindi að ☎ì kurō tō ! It also expresses permission; thus, 'very well, if you wish to do it, do it.' The terminations are as follows (viii. ii. 14).

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The terminations are all added to the root direct (15).

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i-mātrā, a preceding vowel is modified in the 2nd plural, and 3rd sing.

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So also from

bring down, alfa

3rd sing. दज़ितन्

wḍlitan; from drōz, remain, 2nd sing. a rōzte,

ruzitan; from नेर nēr, go forth, नेर्त nerte, नौरितन्

niritan; and from tsar, be inwardly wrathful, &c., fan tsaritanay,

&c., (see p. 82).

Regarding roots ending in vowels we have from f◄ khi, eat.

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For fani, take, fa di, give, and f yi, come, we have, however,

the following forms.

SINGULAR.

2 दिन dite.

3 दियितन diystan.

The pronominal suffixes are added

PLURAL.

fefana diyitav.

fafana diy tan.

regularly, except that in the second plural, av becomes ō (18). Thus, falų karitō-m, make ye for me; aftalą karitō-n, make ye him; af、aių karitō-s, make ye for him; afta karitō-kh, make ye for them.

2. THE FUTURE IMPERATIVE.

This is formed by adding faizi if the root ends in a consonant, and fazi if it ends in a vowel. Before fizi, a preceding vowel is modified (viii. ii. 22, 24). This tense does not change for number or person. It means 'you, or he, should do a thing at some future time,' or 'make a practice of doing it.' Thus

fftech karizi, thou shouldest do. afe affer tohi karizi, you should do. ffsuh karizi, he should do.

fa affa tim karizi, they should do.

So also from khar, mount, fifa khṢrizi; from

wal,

bring down, alfafa wālizi; from ǹa rōz, stand, efafa rūzizi; and from ner, go forth, ff nirizi. I cannot find that this form is used with impersonal verbs like tear etc., mentioned when dealing with the Simple Imperative.

As regards verbs ending in a vowel, we have from f khi, eat, af khězi; so also in other cases, but from fa ni, take, fɛ di, give, and fa yi, come, we have faf dizi, etc.

When the pronominal suffixes am and as are used with this

form, fazi becomes zya. (viii. ii. 25).

Thus fq karizy-am, you should make me, or for me.

Soft kartzy-as, you should make for him,

In other cases, the f zi, is unchanged.

Thus affe karizi-y, he should make for thee.

[NOTE. My Pandit also says af

karizy-an, not afifaa karizin;

so also he says fqa karizy-awo, and fa̸¶ kar1zy-akh].

3. THE PAST IMPERATIVE.

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This is formed by adding he for all persons and numbers to the Future Imperative (viii. ii. 23). It means you should have made so and so,' implying that he had not done it.

Thus aff karizihē, thou shouldst, you, he, or they, should have

made.

Pronominal suffixes are added regularly (25). Thus feferi karizihē-m, you should have made for me.

C. Benedictive Mood.

1. FUTURE TENSE.

This tense expresses a wish. It is formed from the Pluperfect Indicative, by substituting the following terminations (viii. ii. 26).

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The tense expresses a wish. Thus, laçyan, may he live long. The following is a specimen of the conjugation of the tense of the verb kar, make; Pluperfect karya-n he made.

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Bened. rañyan. Similarly sa zēñyan, may he conquer.

Roots ending ins change the finals to f. Thus, from

las, live long; 3rd sing. plup.

a latshav; but 3rd sing. Bened.

lagyan. So also, from as, be,

¶ āgyan.

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