صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني

wŏth.

sapad.

tshyann, [pun], sapan.

wup, crap. (Both these also optionally 3rd Conj. in Plup.).

pray, lay, way.

khar, tar, [prār], phar, phēr, [phōr], mar (die), sōr.

gal, tsal, ḍal, dōl (or ḍõl), phal, phõll, mēl.

bov, rāv.

[naç] [tōs], dos, pōṣ, maṣ, rūṣ.

ās, khas, phas, bas, [bās], las, lōs, was, [wõbas].

běh.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

zi, pi, yi.

grak, camak, tsok, thīk, ḍõk, nik, lõk, wŏk.

thag, tang, drog, sõg, srõg.

bach.

mandach.

ats, grots, tsõts, tshots, trats, mõts, lēts, çrōts.

atsh, gatsh(go).

tēz, paz, bāwaz, braz, ranz, laz, wuz.

kṛt, krat, gyamat, gurat, tshyat, tshot, tot, nat, pat, pīt, prakhet, mõţ, rot (also second), wot, hat.

kāṭh, kuṭh, krēṭh, tsamaṭh, zēṭh, ṭyath, tōṭh, drễṭh, nặth, path, pōṭh, brēṭh, meth, vyaṭh, çiṭh, çrith, hậṭh.

ad, pēd, bad, buḍ, mond, red, lyaḍ, wuḍ.

tūraḥ, prāṇ, ran, wuṣṇ.

chat, zōt, tat, mat, rat, lot, wonnat, sot.

path.

and, tund, thad, pyad, bād, brād, wud, syad, çod (this is a better spelling than çoddh).

āman, kān, kyann, kṛhan, gan, guman, chan, chănn, tshặtshan, tan, tilan, nan, pākan, pran, ban, basan, bākhan, byann, lahan, lahan, wogan, wun, figen, san, syann, hàn, hãman, hôn, hen.

kặmp, kup, nập, pap, paṣp, yāp, wup (optionally in Pluperfect), vyap, frap (optionally in Pluperfect), hap.

wuph.

kob, gob, tyamb, ḍub, tyamb, phab, ramb, lüb, çüb.

garm, tsam, tham, nam, bram, wom, çam, sam, ham.
biy, loy, wuy.

ader, yir, kahar, kātsar, kāyar, kāwar, kṛr, khokhar, khōr, gīr, gōwar, cōkhar, tsar (increase), tshar, ziŋgar, zoŋgar, zozar, thahar, dar,

tur, trakar, trōr, thar, thathar, thār, dar, dodar, dür, dōr, nēr, pir, pōr, phahar, bahar, babar, bigar, moḍer, mōr, lyader, lōr, vyader, vyalar, vyasar, wukar, wudar, wõbar, sakhar, sãgar, syandor, sir, săsar, hakar, hander, har, her.

al, kal, kumal, kōl, khal, gāgal, gēl, grãgal, chõkal, zal, ṭal, ḍyal, tambal, tēl, nil, pil, piçal, põl, prazal, phaphal, bal, mamal, mokal, wigal, wozal, wotal, woçal, wōl, çahal, hal, hakal, hil, hal.

chiv, tshyav, zuv, nav, srav.

troç.

awas, dos, tras, pis, pras, ras, lis, vis, wõlas, wos.
goh, loh, wuh.

1899.]

G. A. Grierson-On Indeclinable Particles in Kāçmīrī.

93

On Indeclinable Particles in Kaçmiri.-By G. A. GRIERSON,
C.I.E., PH.D., I.C.S.

[Read January, 1899.]

İçvara-kaula does not formally deal with particles in his grammar, but here and there he refers to them, and the following is a collection of his scattered rules. It in no way pretends to be a complete account of Indeclinables.

Emphatic and indefinite particles have been described by me in Vol. LXVII, Part I, pp. 88, and following.

The following two conjunctions are also there mentioned. They are repeated here for the sake of completeness.

te, and (iv. 178). E.g.,

suh to tech, he and thou.

fa ti, also (iv. 179). It is also used instead of a to with plurals. Thus, fa fa suh ti, tsah ti, he also, you also. fafa fa yuq fa सुह 77

चाय्

mahanivi ti gupan ti ay, both the men and the cattle came. In the last sentence we cannot use ☎ ta.

The negative particle is no, not (viii. ii. 19); but ordinarily nega. tive forms of the verb are used, as described under the head of adverbial verbal suffixes. In other words, then is usually compounded with the verb as a suffix. Thus, chu-s-no, I am not.

हुस्न

The prohibitive particle m is only used with the Simple Imperative (viii. ii. 19).

[blocks in formation]

With the Modified Imperative mate is used (20). Thus, a afaq mato karitan, let him not make.

Instead of m2 and ☎ mate, we may use ♬ mã and Ħar mată respectively (20). Thus, mā kar, Hamatā karto. मा कर

Other vocative particles may also be added. Thus, a ay mabā kar, मर्सा कर masā kar, मतबा कर्त matabā karte, मतसो कर्त matasā karte and so on (20). See forms of address given in Vol. LXVII, Part I, pp. 92 and ff.

ne is used (19). Thus,

With other tenses of the imperative affa karizi na, you should not make. ff should not have made.

[blocks in formation]

mā is used before or after a verb, to indicate a question in hesitation (viii. i. 29). Thus,

करान् मा बुद्ध् karān mā chuh, or मा बुह करान् mā chuk karān, or

Almā karān chuh, is he making? (I.e., see if he is not making it, or if he is making it or not, or perhaps he is not making it ?)

कर्येन् मा karyān mā, did he make?

Haft suh mã kari, will he make?

[ocr errors]

The particle a

běh mã kare, shall I make ?

tāñ, or aṣg tāñat, is used in asking a question, when the speaker is really in doubt as to whether there is anything to ask (viii. i. 26). Thus,

[ocr errors]

la ga kyãh tāñ wạnun, did he say anything? Here the speaker did not notice at the time what the man said, and afterwards recalls the fact, and, being in doubt, asks the question ?

when ?

kar tāñ āv, did he come at any time? If so,

ga ala aga kūtu tāñ dyutun, did he give anything? If so, how much?

ala tām, or ala tamat, may be used instead of aș tāñ, or नाज़त् tāñat. Thus, क्याड् ताम् वनुन् kyāh tām wanun. dyath. This added to an interrogative word converts it into an intensive one (viii. i. 27). Thus,

कर kar, or कन kane, when?

95 अठ कर याव् dyatha kar āv, or पठ कन याव dyatha kane āv, he he came a long time ago.

1899.] G. A. Grierson-On Indeclinable Particles in Kāçmīrī. ·

kyōh, what?dyaṭha kyāh, a great deal.

[ocr errors]

afa kuti, how many? dyath kặt, a great many,

Sofa dyaṭhe kani, for a long time.

The usual word for 'if' is ay, but, with the Past Conditional (viii. ii. 33), hay may be used instead of ay, after the verb. Thus,

afkarihe hay, if he had made.

acela za karahận hay, if they had made ;
af

karihē-s hay, if he had made it.

With the same tense 'if not' is represented by

nay (34). Thus, करिहे नय karihē nay, if he had made it; रूद् नय प्ययिडे rūd nay pēyihe, if ufa rain had not fallen.

These particles can also be attached to the subject of the verb (35). Thus, gey aftì suh-ay karihē, if he had made; fa

karahặn, if they had made:

acelą tim-hay

aft su-nay karihē, if he had not made,

qanet bò-y khyamahā, if I had eaten.

« السابقةمتابعة »