cupular, with 5 broad, shallow blunt teeth. Corolla much longer than the calyx, widely tubular; lobes 5, blunt, broadly ovate, reflexed, the throat with a little short hair. Anthers 5, narrowly elliptic, blunt, on short filaments, almost basifixed, exserted by the reflexion of the lobes. of the corolla. Fruit unknown.

PERAK: Wray 3959; King's Collector 2755.

28. PSYCHOTRIA INÆQUALIS, n. sp., King & Gamble. A small unbranched shrub; the stem thinner than a goose-quill, deciduously puberulous, only a foot high, brown when dry. Leaves thickly membranous, those of a pair somewhat unequal in size, elongate-obovate, the smaller one oblong-elliptic, all abruptly and shortly acuminate, the base cuneate; upper surface glabrous, minutely pitted when dry; the lower with many coarse pale-brown, crisped, flattened hairs on the midrib and nerves, and a few pale appressed hairs on the interspaces; midrib broad and channelled on both surfaces, as are also the 10 to 13 pairs. of pale ascending, slightly curved main-nerves; length 6 to 10 in.; breadth 25 to 5 in.; petiole 5 to 75 in., stout. Stipules narrowly ovate, acuminate, pubescent, 65 in. long. Cyme solitary, terminal, 2 to 3.5 in. long (including the 1 to 2 in. peduncle), pyramidal, everywhere rusty-puberulous, the branches opposite, many-flowered, and with broad abruptly acuminate bracts; the lowest pair exceeding 1 in. in length, reflexed; branchlets divaricate. Flowers 1 in. long, on short stout pedicels. Calyx small, tubular; its lobes broadly triangular. Corolla not much longer than the calyx, its lobes linear with moniliform bluish hairs at their bases and on the throat. Fruit unknown.

PERAK: Scortechini 279.

29. PSYCHOTRIA CONDENSA, n. sp., King & Gamble. A small woody shrub; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, the nodes. close together and slightly thickened, the internodes striate, at first scurfy-puberulous but afterwards glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate; upper surface when dry very dark brown, the lower paler and tinged with olivaceous, the midrib prominent and pale; the 5 or 6 pairs of oblique main-nerves visible beneath but not above; length 1 to 1·25 in.; breadth 3 to 5 in.; petiole 05 in. Stipules broadly triangular, acuminate, nearly 1 in. long. Umbel cymose, 3-branched, terminal, shorter than the leaves; each branch with 3 unequally pedicillate flowers. Flowers not seen. Fruit globular-ovoid, with 2 prominent furrowed vertical ridges and several obscure ones between them, crowned by the 5-toothed calyx; length 2 in.; breadth 15 in. Seeds with one prominent dorsal ridge, ventral surface flat.

PERAK: Scortechini.

Herbaceous (as regards the Indo-Malayan species). Leaves opposite, exstipulate, their bases often connected by an interpetiolar line or ridge; entire, pinnatifid or pinnate. Flowers sessile, in cymes, usually hermaphrodite but sometimes polygamous or dioecious, bracteate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb in the flower small, in the fruit often enlarged or pappose. Corolla superior, gamopetalous, its tube cylindric or gibbous or spurred at the base; the limb with 3 to 5 imbricate lobes, often irregular. Stamens 1 to 4, on the tube, usually exserted. Ovary inferior with a single perfect, 1-ovuled cell, and 2 barren empty cells; style filiform; stigma 2- or 3-lobed or entire ; ovule in the fertile cell pendulous from the apex of the loculus. Fruit indehiscent, dry, 1-seeded, the 2 barren cells enlarged or represented by narrow ridges. Seed pendulous, with very little or no albumen ; embryo straight, radicle superior.-DISTRIB. About 350 species, in temperate climates; generally diffused, but absent from Australia and South Africa.

VALERIANA, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves entire, pinnatifid or pinnate, the radical often undivided and with long petioles. Flowers in cymes, corymbosely paniculate; bracts small, oblong or linear, free or nearly so, persistent. Calyx-limb in flower obsolete, in fruit developing into a ring of from 5 to 15 feathery bristles, united at their bases into a short funnel-shaped tube. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, its base often sub-gibbous; limb with 5 spreading lobes, both tube and limb pink or white. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled, only 1 cell containing 1 ovule; stigma sub-entire or shortly 3-fid. Fruit oblong, plano-convex, with 6 ribs, 1-celled; the 2 barren cells obsolete, crowned by the persistent pappose calyx. -DISTRIB. About 180 species in moist temperate regions.

VALERIANA HARDWICKII, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. I. 166. Root fibrous. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent below, mostly glabrous upwards but pilose or barbate at the nodes. Radical leaves ovate, acute, on long petioles; stem leaves unequally pinnatifid, the segments 3 to 5, the upper the longest, all lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and irregularly toothed. Panicles lax, often as much as a foot long, the branches dichotomous, with small subulate bracteoles at the forks; fruit hairy. Wall. Cat. 432, Pl. As. Rar. 39, t. 263; Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 159; DC. Prod. IV. 640; Clarke in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 213. V. Hardwickiana, Roem. & Schult., Syst. I., Mant. 259. V. tenera, Wall. Cat. 435; DC. Mem. Valer. 16; Prod. IV. 640.

V. elata, Don Prodr. 159. V. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 919. V. acuminata, Royle Ill. Him. Bot. 241.

At high elevations on the central ridge in Perak, this is said to occur, but I have seen no specimens.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled; simple or sometimes compound exstipulate. Florets numerous, small, aggregated in centripetal heads, sessile on the dilated top of the peduncle (receptacle); the heads surrounded by an involucre of 1- or more-seriate, free or connate bracts; bracteoles none or reduced to paleate scales or bristles on the receptacle; individual florets all tubular (head discoid), or the outer or all ligulate (head rayed); all bi-sexual or the inner bi-sexual or male, the outer female or neuter; sometimes dioecious. Sepals connate in a calyx-tube, adnate to the ovary; limb none, or composed of hairs (pappus) or scales. Petals connate in a corolla of two forms: (a) tubular or campanulate, with 4-5-lobed limb; lobes valvate with marginal nerves; (b) ligulate with lobes elongated and connate in a strapshaped or elliptic ligule. Disk epigynous. Stamens 4-5, inserted within the corolla-tube; filaments usually free; anthers basifixed, usually connate (syngenesious); connective produced upwards; cells simple or tailed at the base; pollen sub-globose, rough. Pistil an inferior 1-celled ovary; ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous, nucleus with one coat; style slender, normally 2-fid; the arms (sometimes) connate, linear or sub-terete, naked or pubescent externally or tipped by pubescent cones; the margins stigmatic. Fruit a dry indehiscent achene (cypsela). Seed erect; testa membranous; albumen none; embryo straight; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short.-DISTRIB. Universal; genera about 1,000; species about 8,000.

Corollas of all the florets either tubular to near the mouth or the marginal row ligulate; style-arms long, distinct, or very short, or the style sub-entire in the sterile florets of heads with heterogamous florets; stems sometimes woody; leaves alternate or opposite; sap never milky :

Florets red, purple, or white, never yellow; all similar (homo-
gamous) and tubular, or rarely (Elephantopus) cleft laterally;
involucre of bracts always more than 1-seriate; pappus pre-
sent, usually setaceous, receptacle naked or rarely (Ageratum)
paleaceous:-

Anthers cleft at the base and appendiculate at the apex;
style-arms subulate, hairy; leaves alternate (Vernoniea):-
Heads distinct, many-flowered; pappus long, copious,
cypselas ribbed

1. VERNONIA.

Heads 1- or few-flowered, crowded into dense clusters resembling single heads; pappus chaffy

Anthers sub-entire at the base, either truncate or appendicu-
late at the apex; leaves opposite at any rate below
(Eupatoriea):-
Anthers truncate at the apex

Anthers appendiculate at the apex:—

2. ELEPHANTOPUS.

3. ADENOSTEMMA.

Pappus paleaceous, receptacle sometimes paleaceous.. 4. AGERATUM.
Pappus of slender hairs; receptacle always naked;

bracts of involucre 4 with sometimes a small outer
one; scandent

Florets, if homogamous and tubular, yellow; if heterogamous, at least those of the disk yellow; or if none of the florets yellow (Emilia) then with the bracts of the involucre 1-seriate Anthers appendiculate at the apex (Asteroidea):—

Receptacle naked, smooth, or pitted; sometimes, when pitted, the edge of the pit fimbriate:—

Bracts of involucre in two rows:

Anthers sub-entire at the base; florets all tubular,
those of the disk purple, of the ray filiform, yellowish
or white; pappus none or of 2 bristles; heads small
in lax panicled cymes, bracts of involucre in two
series; erect herbs

..

Bracts of the involucre many-seriate, leaves alter

nate:

Anthers obtuse and entire at the base; florets of disk
tubular with wide limb; those of the ray filiform-
tubular or tubular only at the base, expanding into
small yellowish ligules; pappus copious and silky;

5. MIKANIA.

6. DICHROCEPHALA.

heads in dense corymbose panicles; climbers .. 7. MICROGLOSSA.
Anthers cleft at the base; style-arms of hermaphro-
dite flower filiform, linear, or obtuse, or those of the
sterile flowers undivided (Inuloideæ) :—

Flower-heads medium-sized; separate, solitary, or
in corymbose or paniculate cymes, not in globose
clusters, if clustered the cypselas with copious soft
pappus :-

Herbs; bracts of involucre narrow; flowers not
corymbose:-

Anther-cells tailed at the base, the tails of
adjacent anthers confluent

8. BLUMEA.

9. LAGGERA.

10. PLUCHEA.

11. SPHÆRANTHUS.

(calyculus) at their bases; heads homogamous; anther-
cells sub-entire at the base; receptacle naked (Sene-
cionida):-

Leaves alternate; pappus of fine hairs, style-arms of
hermaphrodite flowers truncate or obtuse, penicillate
or with a hairy tip:-
:-

Heads ebracteate; florets purple

Heads bracteolate; florets yellow Receptacles paleaceous; anthers sub-entire at the base; bracts of involucre 1- to many-seriate; heads usually radiate, heterogamous; style-arms truncate or appendiculate, or those of the sterile florets entire; pappus of 2 to 4 arms or paleaceous or absent; leaves at the base of the stem usually opposite, those higher up opposite or alternate (Helianthoidea) :—

Pappus of only 4 bristly awns, or cup-like or absent :-
Cypselas all thick, or those of the ray-florets 3-angled
and those of the disc laterally compressed; pappus
cup-like or composed of 2 to 3 stiff chaffy or bristly
arms, with or without intermediate smaller scales or
altogether absent; leaves usually opposite :-

Inner bracts of the involucre embracing and en-
closing the cypselas of the fertile ray-florets;
pappus absent, outer bracts of involucre 5, glan-

12. EMILIA.

13. GYNURA.

14. SIEGESBECKIA.

15. ECLIPTA.

16. WEDELIA.

17. SPILANTHES.

18. SYNEDRELLA.