Cypselas not beaked; leaves opposite, simple to

pinnatisect
Pappus of membranous scales; heads radiate; leaves
opposite :-

Scales of pappus feathery, fringed; heads medium-
sized ..

Anthers inappendiculate at the apex; receptacle (in our
species) not paleaceous; pappus absent or reduced to a
raised rim, rarely scaly and short; leaves usually alter-
nate (Anthemideœ) :-

Flower-heads discoid, heterogamous; pappus absent:

Florets of the circumference very numerous; cypselas
flat or concave at the top; flower-heads globose or
hemispheric, sub-sessile; bracts of involucre in 2 series,
spreading in fruit ..

Florets of the circumference few; heads very small, in
racemes or panicles; cypselas ellipsoid or obovoid,
rounded at the apex

Corollas of all the florets flatly expanded from a tubular base, ligulate, their apices 5-toothed; leaves radical or cauline and alternate, never opposite; stem always herbaceous, fistulose; sap milky (Cichorieœ) :

Pappus of simple hair-like bristles, at least in the central florets; florets yellow, cypselas fusiform or oblong, with glabrous or puberulous ribs

19. BIDENS.

20. TRIDAX.

21. CENTIPEDA.

22. ARTEMISIA.

23. CREPIS.

NOTE. The above key is taken mainly from "Bengal Plants," by Lieut.-Col. D. Prain, F.R.S., Superintendent, Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb.

Herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. Leaves alternate, penninerved, entire or dentate. Heads axillary or terminal, solitary or in cymes or panicles, homogamous; flowers often few, but very rarely solitary. Involucre ovoid, globose or hemispheric, as long as or shorter than the flowers; bracts in many series, the inner longest. Receptacle naked or pitted, sometimes with short hairs. Corollas all equal, tubular, slender; lobes 5, narrow. Anther-bases obtuse, sagittate. Style-arms subulate, acute, hairy. Cypselas striate, ribbed or angled, rarely terete, truncate at the apex; pappus of many hairs, usually in two rows, the inner hairs thin and slender, the outer sometimes stout and compressed, persistent or deciduous.-DISTRIB. About 500 species, mostly American.

A large shrub or small tree; leaves sub-coriaceous; involucral bracts obtuse

..

..

Herbaceous annuals; leaves membranous; involucral bracts acumi

nate:

Heads few, 35 in. in diam., in long-peduncled cymes..

1. V. arborea.

2. V. chinensis.

Heads numerous, 2 to 25 in. in diam., in loose terminal corym

1. VERNONIA ARBOREA, Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV. 218. A tree, 30 to 60 feet high; young branches as thick as a goose-quill or thinner, at first covered, like the under surfaces of the leaves and branches of the inflorescence, with short rusty tomentum, sometimes glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, entire, elliptic ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, the base rounded or cuneate; upper surface glabrous, or nearly so, except the midrib, the reticulations minute and distinct; main-nerves 8 to 14 pairs, spreading, interarching, bold and distinct on the lower surface, more faint on the upper; length 3.5 to 6 in.; breadth 1.75 to 2.75 in.; petioles 75 to 1.25 in., pubesHeads 2- to 5-flowered, collected in large open terminal panicles much longer than the leaves. Involucral bracts few, small, oblong, obtuse, less than half as long as the flowers, pubescent, concave, persistent. Corolla glabrous, bluish. Cypselas not conspicuously ribbed, short, truncate; pappus in a single row, tuberculate, white tinged with ochraceous, persistent. DC. Prod. V. 22; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 80; Clarke Comp. Ind. 23; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 239. Vernonia javanica, Blumeana and celebica, DC. l.c. 21, 22; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 9, 10. Eupatorium celebicum and javanicum, Blume Bijdr. 903. Conyza acuminata and arborea, Wall. Cat. 3034A and 3074.

cent.

MALACCA: Griffith. SINGAPORE: Lobb; Ridley 2735, 2739, 9478; Maingay (K.D.) 948, 949, 950. PENANG: Curtis 2, 926. NEGRI SEMBILAN Ridley 10087. SELANGOR: Ridley. PERAK: Wray 2240, 2442; King's Collector, many Numbers; Scortechini.-DISTRIB. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, China.

2. VERNONIA CHINENSIS, Less. in Linnæa, VI. 674. An erect annual with divaricate, softly puberulous to tomentose, angled branches. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, membranous, ovate elliptic elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, sub-serrate or entire. Heads few, 35 in. in diam., in lax, few-branched, axillary and terminal, open puberulous cymes, on slender peduncles longer than the leaves, 15- to 30-flowered. Involucral bracts not numerous, lanceolate, awned or acute, usually at first pubescent outside, inside glabrous, shining, 1-nerved; longer than the glabrous or glabrescent corollas. Cypselas less than 1 in. long, 4- or 5-ribbed, glabrous. Pappus scanty, white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 78; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 235. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 26 (in part). Cyanopis pubescens and C. villosa, DC. Prod. V. 69. Conyza chinensis, Lamk. Dict. II. 83 (not of Linn.). C. punctulata, Wall. Cat. 2995. Eupatorium menthafolium, Wall. Cat. Cynanthillium villosum and C. pubescens, Blume

Bijdr. 889 and 890. Centratherum chinense, Less. in Linnæa (1829) 320. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7136.

PENANG J. Scott; Curtis 931; King; Deschamps; MALACCA : Cuming; Griffith; Hullett 634. SINGAPORE: King.-DISTRIB. Malay Archipelago, Philippines.

3. VERNONIA CINEREA, Less. in Linnæa, IV. 291, and VI. 673. Herbaceous, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with more or less minute whitish pubescence everywhere; stems slender, striate. Leaves membranous with variable petioles, ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, the edges obtusely or acutely toothed, the base narrowed, both surfaces olivaceous-cinereous when dry, the upper glabrous or nearly so, the lower more or less cinereous-pubescent; length 1-5 to 3 in.; breadth 3 to 5 in.; petiole 1 to 5 in. (in the lower leaves). Heads 2 to 25 in. in diam., on 10- to 20-flowered, loose, terminal, long-peduncled, corymbose cymes with divaricate branches; bracts of peduncle very few. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate or almost awned, shorter than the florets, 1-nerved, 1 in. long, densely pubescent. Corolla pubescent, the tube very narrow lavender. Cypselas minute; pappus copious, dirty white, the outer row very short. DC. Prod. V. 24, in Wight Contrib. 6; Wall. Cat. 3008; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 234; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 11; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. V. conyzoides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 25. V. rhomboidea and V. montana, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 62. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 (in part); Wight Ic. 1076. V. abbreviata and leptophylla, DC. 1.c. 25. V. laxiflora, Less. in Linnæa, VI. 646; DC. 1.c. 25. V. physalifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 24. V. parviflora, linifolia, and fasciculata, Reinw. in Bl. Bijdr. 893. V. Zollingeriana, SchultzBip. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 16. V. cyanonioides, Walp. in Linnæa XIV. 509. Conyza abbreviata, Wall. Cat. 3048; C. bellidifolia, id. 3047; cinerascens, 3062; incana, 3046; linifolia, 3063; elegantula, 3049; ovata, 3097, and sub-simplex, 3003. C. cinerea, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862;

Wall. Cat. 3008. C. prolifera and C. heterophylla, Lam. Encyl. II. 84. Serratula cinerea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 60. Chrysocoma purpurea, Forst. Prod. 54. C. violacea, Schum. Pl. Guin. 384. Cyanopis decurrens,

Zoll.

In all the provinces, in waste places near cultivation.-Distrib. All tropical countries.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Linn.

Perennial rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, penninerved, entire or dentate, mostly radical. Heads homogamous, each containing 1 to 5

flowers, and collected into ovoid or globose clusters, surrounded by several large leafy bracts. Involucre-proper compressed, its component bracts oblong, acute, about 8, dry, stiff, unequal, alternately flat and conduplicate; receptacle naked. Flowers all equally 4-lobed, and cleft on one side, and with the lobes spreading in a somewhat palmate manner. Anthers obtusely sagittate at the base. Style-arms subulate. Cypselas truncate, 10-ribbed; bristles of pappus few, rigid, shining, slender and dilated below or chaffy.-DISTRIB. 10 or 12 species, chiefly tropical American-one cosmopolitan.

ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER, Linn. Sp. Pl., 814. Stems dichotomous, from a few inches to 2 feet high, terete, finely strigose. Leaves membranous, the radical ones obovate, oblong to elliptic-oblong, tapering to the short petiole, the edges dentate or crenate, up to 6 in. in length and 1.25 to 2.5 in. broad; the cauline few, smaller, sessile, both sets scabrid on the upper surface and finely strigose on the lower; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs in the cauline, more numerous in the radical leaves, all slightly prominent on the lower surface. Collective heads hemispheric, 5 to 75 in. in diam., solitary, terminal, on long peduncles. Bracts of the conjoined heads 3, leaf-like, about 5 in. broad, broadly ovate or reniform, apiculate, nervose and pubescent behind; bracts of the involucre-proper shining, glabrous; pappus of 5 shining tuberculate bristles, dilated at the base. Wall. Cat. 2979; DC. Prod. V. 86; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 445; Don Prod. 169; Wight Ic. 1086; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 242; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. In all the provinces, in cultivated places.-DISTRIB. In most tropical countries.

3. ADENOSTEMMA, Forst.

Herbs, glandular-pubescent or glabrous. Leaves mostly opposite, petiolate. Heads homogamous, in lax corymbose cymes; involucre campanulate; its bracts numerous, sub-2-seriate, narrow, herbaceous, sometimes connate; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all equal, tubular, regular, with short tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb. Anthers truncate, with glandular apiculus, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, dilated near the apex. Cypselas obtuse, 5-ribbed, glandular; pappus of 3 to 5 short rigid, often clavate hairs, joined at their bases by a narrow ring.-DISTRIB. Species 5 or 6 American, 1 cosmopolitan.

ADENOSTEMMA VISCOSUM, Forst. Char. Gen. 20. An erect, rarely decumbent annual, slender or robust, glabrous; pubescent or viscidly pubescent. Leaves membranous, sessile or petiolate, opposite or the upper alternate, from linear to broadly ovate, acute sub-acute cuneate or cordate at the base, the edges serrate crenate or entire, the upper surface usually smooth but sometimes rugose; length from 2 to 6 in.;

petioles varying in length. Heads 3 to 4 in. in diam., in lax corymbose, pedunculate cymes. Involucral bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous, glandular or scabrid. Corollas white, pubescent near the mouth, styles much exserted, the arms clavate. Cypselas usually warted, crowned by a glandular ring, bearing pedicellate lobed glands. DC. Prod. V. 111; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 242; Prain Bengal Plants, 591.

In all the provinces, but not abundant in any of them.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally.

In the Flora of British India, III. 242, Sir Joseph Hooker recognises seven varieties of this widely distributed and variable species. And to one or other of these he reduces the following eleven species of De Candolle: A. fastigiatum, DC. Prod. V. 111, A. leiocarpum, A. Roylei, A. elatum, A. latifolium, 1.c. p. 112, A. macrophyllum, A. parviflorum, A. reticulatum, A. viscosum, A. madurense, A. erectum, 1.c. p. 113. He also reduces here the following: Ageratum aquaticum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 415; A. strictum, Bot. Mag. t. 2410; Lavenia fastigiata, macrophylla and parviflora, Blume Bijdr. pp. 905 and 906; and the following Nos. of the Wallichian Catalogue, viz., Lavenia erecta, 3218; carnosa, 3219; alba, 3220; rugosa, 3221; viscida, 3222.

4. AGERATUM, Linn.

Erect herbs. Leaves opposite in the lower part of the stem, alternate in the upper. Heads in panicles or corymbs, homogamous. Involucre narrowly campanulate; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, linear, subequal; receptacle convex, naked or with deciduous scales. Corollas all tubular, equal, regular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers with slight apical appendages, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, obtuse. Cypselas 5-angled; pappus of 5 short, free or connate scales, or of 10 to 20 narrow, unequal scales.-DISTRIB. About 20 species, all probably American, several introduced in the Tropics of the Old World.

AGERATUM CONYZOIDES, Linn. Sp. Pl. 839. Annual, 1 to 2 feet high, everywhere with sparse white, rather soft pubescence. Leaves membranous, ovate, sub-acute, the base broad and sub-truncate, sometimes cuneate; the edges coarsely crenate or dentate; both surfaces greenish when dry, the upper sparsely hispid; the lower glabrous, boldly reticulate; main-nerves about 2 or 3 pairs, ascending, curved, the lower one branching; length 1 to 3.5 in. Heads 25 in. in diam., in terminal or axillary corymbose cymes. Involucral bracts shorter than the flowers, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, puberulous. Corollas pale blue or white. Cypselas black; pappus of 5 shining, spreading scales, with broad, often serrate bases. DC. Prod. V. 108; Clarke Comp. Ind. 30; Wall. Cat. 3176; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 243; Prain Bengal Plants, 591. A. cordifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 415; Wall. Cat. 3177.