In all the provinces, in cultivated places.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally.

5. MIKANIA, Willd.

A twining herb (in Indo-Malaya). Leaves opposite, petiolate. Heads small, in spikes racemes or panicles, homogamous, usually 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, its bracts 4, narrow, sometimes with a small outer one; receptacle small, naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular, the tube narrow; the limb campanulate, 5-fid. Anthers appendiculate, the base obtuse. Style-arms long, acute. Cypselas with truncate apices, 5-angled; pappus with one or more rows of scabrid hairs, often connate at the base.-DISTRIB. About 60 species, all in the warm parts of America and Africa except the following.

MIKANIA SCANDENS, Willd. Sp. Pl. 1743. A glabrous or puberulous climber; young branches less than half as thick as a goose-quill, brown and striate when dry. Leaves membranous, on long petioles, ovate, acuminate; the base broad, cordate, often almost sagittate, the edges sinuate; main-nerves a single pair, ascending from the base and branching outwards; length 1 to 2 in.; breadth 6 to 1.25 in.; petioles 5 to 1 in., slender. Heads narrow, 4-flowered, in lax corymbose cymes, on slender peduncles much longer than the leaves, peduncles and branches angled when dry, puberulous. Scales of involucre chaffy, narrowly oblong, obtuse. Cypselas glabrous; pappus reddish. DC. Prod. V. 199; Clarke Comp. Ind. 34; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 244; Prain Bengal Plants, 592. M. volubilis and M. chenopodifolia, Willd. 1.c. 1745; DC. 1.c. 199 and 201. Eupatorium scandens, Linn.; Jacq. Ic. t. 169.

In all the provinces, common. -DISTRIB. Archipelago, Tropical Africa.

6. DICHROCEPHALA, DC.

British India, Malay

Annuals, with alternate toothed lyrate or pinnatifid leaves. Heads small, heterogamous, globose or hemispheric, not rayed, in panicles; Outer florets, in many rows, slender, fertile, rigid, 2-3-toothed or cleft. Disk-florets, fertile, narrow, 4- or 5-toothed. Anthers with truncate bases. Style-arms of florets short, flattened, the tips. lanceolate; pappus none or (in the ☀) of 2 minute bristles.-DISTRIB. Species 5, Asiatic and African.

DICHROCEPHALA LATIFOLIA, DC. in Guill. Archiv. Bot. II. 518. An annual weed, 12 to 24 in. high, erect or spreading, glabrous pubescent or villous. Leaves very variable, ovate lanceolate or obovate, entire pinnatifid or lyrate, with the terminal lobe broadly ovate and coarsely

toothed; length 1 to 4 in.; petioles 25 to 1.25 in. Heads about 15 in. in diam., globose, on pedicels many times longer than themselves, in lax, few-branched, cymose panicles. Ray-florets, filiform, obscurely 2-3-toothed, white. Disk-florets, 4-cleft, yellow. Cypselas very small, smooth, with a callous margin, and often with 2 small bristles. DC. in Wight Contrib. 11, Prod. V. 372; Wight Ic. 1096; Clarke Comp. Ind. 36; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 245. D. gracilis and D. sonchifolia, DC. 1.c. 371, 372. Cotula sinapifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 63, Fl. Ind. III. 437; Wall. Cat. 3237. C. bicolor, Roth Cat. Bot. II. 116. C. latifolia, Pers. Syn. II. 464. Grangea Hippia bicolor, Smith in Rees Cyclop.

latifolia, Lam. Ill. t. 699.

XVIII. Ethulia integrifolia, Don Prodr. 182.
PERAK: Scortechini.-DISTRIB.

tropical Asia and Africa.

British India, tropical and sub

7. MICROGLOSSA, DC.

Slender shrubs, often scandent. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads small, heterogamous, collected in large corymbose panicles. Ray-florets ?, in 1 or more series, fertile, the ligule minute, white. Disk-florets few or many,, fertile, tubular, with dilated 3- to 4-fid limb. Involucre campanulate, composed of several series of narrow bracts, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked or nearly so. Corolla, the ligulate or ray ones narrow, about as long as the style; those of the disk (the tubular) longer. Anthers with obtuse bases, entire. Style-arms of the flattened; their tips long, lanceolate. Cypselas angled; pappus hairs numerous, slender, silky, in one or two series, somewhat unequal.— DISTRIB. About 6 species, Asiatic and African.

MICROGLOSSA VOLUBILIS, DC. Prod. V. 320. A sub-scandent shrub; branches half as thick as a goose-quill, ridged, glabrous. Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate or rounded, the edges obscurely toothed; both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous, the lower sometimes slightly pubescent; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, little curved, ascending, prominent beneath; length 1.5 to 2 in.; breadth 65 to 1.25 in.; petioles 25 to 4 in., slender. Heads 35 in. in diam., on short peduncles, crowded in dense corymbose terminal cymes, much longer than the leaves. Cypselas compressed, 4-angled, puberulous; pappus copious, reddish, much longer than the minute achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 57; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 82; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 257. Conyza volubilis, Wall. Cat. 3057. Erigeron pyrifolius, Benth. Fl. Hongk., 176.

PERAK: Ridley 2890; Wray 2472. PENANG: Wallich 3057. -DISTRIB. British India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, China.

8. BLUMEA, DC.

Herbs, annual or perennial, glandular-pubescent or woolly. Leaves alternate, rarely entire, usually lobed or toothed. Heads in paniculate cymes, rarely in racemes, heterogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Ray-florets in several series,, fertile, filiform, 2- or 3toothed. Disk-florets, few, fertile, with slender tube and 5-toothed limb. Involucre ovoid or campanulate; its bracts in several rows, narrow, acute, herbaceous, the outer smaller; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with sagittate bases produced into small slender tails. Stylearms of the hermaphrodite flower flattened or filiform, rarely connate with the nearest anthers. Cypselas small, sub-terete or angular, with or without ridges; pappus hairs in a single row, slender, often caducous. -DISTRIB. About 60 species, in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Scandent; pappus white
Large shrub; pappus red

Erect herbs; pappus white :

Heads in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3 in the axils of small bracts on an elongated pseudo-spike ..

Heads few (1 to 6), in short, axillary, condensed, pedunculate cymes; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, dentate but not lobed; flowers purple ..

..

Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in lax, shortly-branched, leafy
cymose panicles; leaves oblanceolate, dentate but not lobed;
flowers yellow
Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in axillary spikes several inches
long, arranged in a pseudo-panicle; leaves oblanceolate, den-
tate and sometimes lobulate; flowers yellow

1. B. chinensis.
2. B. balsamifera.

3. B. glomerata.

4. B. Wightiana.

5. B. lacera.

.. 6. B. membranacea.

Scandent; young

1. BLUMEA CHINENSIS, DC. Prod. V. 444. branches half as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous, much striate and dark brown when dry. Leaves membranous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acuminate or acute, narrowed to the rounded base, the edges with remote, narrow, small sharp teeth, or sub-entire; both surfaces glabrous, the upper dark-brown and shining, the lower paler and tinged olivaceous; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, thin but distinct. on the lower surface, faint on the upper; length 2.25 to 3.25 in.; breadth 85 to 1.4 in.; petiole 2 to 3 in. Heads 35 in. across, sessile, in small pedunculate axillary cymes, 3 in. long, diminishing upwards to 75 in. in length; the peduncles and their branches everywhere pubescent, sometimes a small cyme with 2 to 4 heads in the same axil as a longer one. Involucral bracts of the outer two series short, ovate-lanceolate, blunt, densely pubescent, those of the inner two twice as long

(or more), linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous or almost glabrous, 1-nerved, longer than the copious white pappus; corolla-lobes hairy; receptacle and cypselas silky, white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 268. Conyza chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862; Blume Bijdr. 898. B. longispina, Zoll. et Morr. Syst. Verz. 121. C. serici-vestita, Wall. Cat. 2996B.

Baccharis nitida, Wall. Cat. 3043.

PENANG Curtis 2824; Wallich 2996, 3043. SINGAPORE: Ridley

2744. PERAK: Scortechini 1471.

VAR. riparia, King & Gamble. Young leaves and stems somewhat hairy; main-nerves of leaves 3 to 4 pairs, depressed on the upper surface. Blumea riparia, DC. Prod. V. 444; Clarke Comp. Ind. 85. Conyza riparia, Blume Bijdr. 899.

PERAK: King's Collector 1214; Scortechini.-DISTRIB. Borneo.

Java,

2. BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA, DC. Prod. V. 466. A shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; young branches nearly as thick as a goose-quill, tomentose, striate. Leaves thickly membranous or sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely and unequally serrate dentate or sub-entire, acute or sub-acute, narrowed at the base; upper surface dark olivaceous-green, minutely tomentose or strigose, the lower surface with dense silky cinereous-yellowish tomentum; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces, but especially on the lower; length 2 to 3 in.; breadth 75 to 1.5 in.; petioles 2 to 75 in. long, the longer ones often with lateral auricles; in the lower part of the branches the leaves often much larger. Heads sub-cylindric, sessile, or on short pedicels, arranged in large, lax, and spreading or dense, often leafy, corymbose or panicled, axillary and terminal tawny-tomentose cymes. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, densely tomentose; hermaphrodite florets very numerous in the centre, narrowly tubular; receptacle naked. Cypselas 10-ribbed, silky; pappus copious, red. Clarke Comp. Ind. 89; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 82; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270; Prain Bengal Plants, 598. Conyza balsamifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. II. 1208; Wall. Cat. 2998; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 427. C. vestita, Wall. Cat. 2998. C. appendiculata Blume Bijdr. 895 (not of Lam.).

MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.) 3143; Hervey. PENANG: Walker 160; Scott; Curtis 29. PERAK: Scortechini; King's Collector 6343; Wray 1741. SINGAPORE: G. Thomson; Hullett 372; Ridley 2742. JOHORE: King-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

VAR. angustifolia, King & Gamble. Leaves narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, less than 5 in. broad.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 2742.

3. BLUMEA GLOMERATA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15. An erect

herb, about 18 to 24 in. high; stem at the base nearly as thick as a goose-quill, sparsely sub-glandular-pubescent, the hairs spreading. Leaves membranous, olivaceous, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, the hairs on the upper surface with bulbous bases; the lower sessile, lyrately lobed, the lobes dentate, the apex acute; the upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate, dentate. Heads from 2 to 25 in. in diam., in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3, all in the axils of small leaf-like bracts along the long slender branches, forming a pseudo-spike. Involucral bracts narrowly linear, pubescent, 1-nerved; receptacle glabrous. Outer florets with very slender corollas. Cypselas faintly 8-10-ribbed, glabrous; pappus in a single row, white, shining. DC. Prod. V. 443; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 262. B. fasciculata, DC. 1.c. 442; Clarke Comp. Ind. 81. B. fistulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, II. 187. B. holosericea, racemosa, spinellosa, gracilis, purpurea, and leptoclada, DC. 1.c. 442, 443. Conyza fistulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 429. Conyza racemosa, sericea, glomerata, gracilis, purpurea and holosericea, Wall. Cat. 3002, 3021, 3055, 3064, 3076, 3103.

PENANG: Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China.

4. BLUMEA WIGHTIANA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect, little-branched herb, 1 to 3 feet high, covered everywhere with silky white, scanty or copious, soft, sub-adpressed hairs; stem terete, about as thick as a goose-quill at the base, striate, brown, and nearly glabrous (from the fall of the hairs) when old. Leaves diminishing in size from below upwards, thickly membranous, obovate-oblong or elliptic-obovate, the apex acute or sub-acute, gradually narrowed from about the middle to the short petiole; the edges with a few irregular coarse teeth, sometimes slightly lobed; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, and clothed, but especially the lower, with adpressed, short white pubescence; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces; length 1.25 to 3 in.; breadth 5 to 1.25 in.; petioles from 1 to 25 in. long or even more, sometimes auricled about the middle. Heads paniculate, about 3 or 4 in. across, axillary, solitary or in pairs (reduced cymes), or 4 to 6 in very short rounded axillary cymes on peduncles of varying length, but always short, the upper few inches of the stem crowded by a dense mass of cymes. Involucral bracts in several rows, diminishing in size outwards, the inner linear, somewhat longer than the pappus, all pubescent and 1-nerved; receptacle naked. Outer florets very numerous, their corollas very slender. Inner florets about 4, much wider than the outer. Cypselas small, puberulous; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 435; Clarke Comp. Ind. 74; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, II. 156 (excl. syn. hymeno