phylla); Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 261. B. trichophora, parvifolia, and phyllostachya, DC. 1.c. 436, 437, 438. Conyza lactucafolia, paniculata, bifoliata, and Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part), 3090A, 3091, 3093. Erigeron molle, Don Prod. 172.

PENANG and SINGAPORE: By roadsides, not common.-DISTRIB. British India and Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa.

5. BLUMEA LACERA, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect herb, 2 to 3 feet high; stems at the base nearly as thick as a goosequill, adpressed-pubescent. Leaves thickly membranous, oblanceolate obtuse or sub-acute, much narrowed to the petiole, the edges unequally and remotely dentate; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower somewhat the paler and with thin, pale pubescence; the upper glabrous, sub-scabrid; length 1-5 to 2 in.; breadth 5 to 1 in.; petiole 3 to 5 in. long. Heads 3 in. across, sub-sessile or sessile, in small rounded crowded cymes, on slender ebracteate axillary peduncles, 1 to 2.5 in. long, subtended by small leaf-like bracts, and occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear-oblong, tomentose, about as long as the pappus; receptacle naked. Heads 4 in. across, sessile or nearly so, in a lax, shortly-branched, leafy, cymose, pubescent panicle, 12 to 18 in. long. Involucral bracts nearly uniform, linear, acuminate, 1-nerved, puberulous, as long as the pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, naked. Cypselas narrowly oblong, glabrous, not ribbed; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 436; Clarke Comp. Ind. 76; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 263. B. Musra, DC. 1.c. 435; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 23. B. villosa, Schultz-Bip. in Pl. Hohenack. n. 2a. Conyza lacera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 428; Wall. Cat. 3082. C. thyrsiflora, villosa, and Musra, Ham.; Wall. Cat. sub 3082, 3083, 3095. C. lactucifolia, DC. 1.c. 435; Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part); Burm. Fl. Ind. 180, t. 59, f. 1.

PERAK: Scortechini 141, 1430. SINGAPORE: Cantley; Hullett 227. -DISTRIB. British India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, tropical Africa.

6. BLUMEA MEMBRANACEA, DC. Prod. V. 440. A rigid erect herb, 1 to 2 feet high; stem at the base half as thick as a goose-quill, minutely pubescent from base to apex, terete, striate. Leaves thinly membranous, oblanceolate, much tapered to the base, sub-sessile, the apex acute, the edges coarsely and often irregularly dentate, sometimes lobulate; both surfaces pale olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower paler, sparsely strigose; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 2 to 3.5 in.; breadth 8 to 1.5 in.; the leaves of the upper part of the stem smaller and bract-like. Heads 25 in. in diam., sessile or sub-sessile, in spikes several inches long, from the

axils of small leaf-like bracts, arranged in a narrow pseudo-panicle occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, pubescent, 1-nerved, as long as the inner pappus. Corollas very narrow; receptacle naked. Cypselas small, glabrous; pappus white, in two rows, the outer very short. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 265. B. hymenophylla, DC. 1.c. 440. Conyza membranacea and hymenophylla, Wall. Cat. 3019, 3038. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037D. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 429.

PENANG: Curtis 2759; Deschamps.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago.

9. LAGGERA, Schultz.-Bip.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, often rigid and decurrent. Heads panicled or axillary, heterogamous, disciform. Outer flowers, in several rows, fertile, filiform, the mouth minutely toothed. Disk-flowers, in several rows, fertile, tubular, 5-fid. Involucre campanulate; bracts many-rowed, narrow, often rigid, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers 2-lobed or sagittate at the base; the auricles obtuse or acute, often unequal, not tailed or connate with the adjoining anthers. Style-arms of the hermaphrodite flowers and the pappus as in Blumea.-DISTRIB. 9 or 10 species, in tropical Africa and British India.

LAGGERA FLAVA, Benth. in Gen. Pl. II. 290. A glabrous or puberulous herb, 6 to 30 in. high; stems striate, simple or corymbosely branched. Leaves membranous, shining, glabrous; the radical sometimes on short petioles; the cauline sessile; the lower cauline oblong, acute, cordate and sub-amplexicaul at the base; the upper cauline smaller and narrower than the lower, lanceolate; all sharply and unequally toothed; main-nerves about 8 pairs, distinct, like the wide reticulations. Heads few, 25 in. in diam., on slender peduncles; receptacle glabrous; corollas yellow; anthers sagittate. Cypselas minute, glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 90; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 270. Blumea flava, DC. Prod. V. 439. Erigeron falcatum, Don Prod. 172; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 1877, II. 191 (excl. syn.). Conyza fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 3017.

This has not been collected within our area since Wallich's time.

10. PLUCHEA, Cass.

Shrubs or herbs, tomentose or glutinous. Leaves alternate, dentate or rarely entire, sometimes pinnatifid. Heads usually small, in terminal corymbose cymes, or large and sub-solitary, heterogamous, disci

form, white yellow, or lilac. Outer florets, in several series, fertile, filiform. Disk-florets, few, sterile, tubular and 5-fid. Involucre broadly ovoid or campanulate; its bracts few or in many rows, imbricate, ovate or lanceolate, dry, rigid; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas of the flowers filiform, shorter than their own styles, their apices with 3 teeth; corollas of the flowers regular, tubular, the limb slightly widened, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, their basal auricles tailed. Style-arms of the flowers filiform, entire or bifid. Cypselas small, 4- or 5-angled. Hairs of pappus slender, rigid, in a single series, free, or (in the sterile cypselas) connate in groups.-DISTRIB. About 30 species, tropical and sub-tropical.

PLUCHEA INDICA, Less.; DC. Prod. V. 451. A low shrub, glabrous or nearly so; stems smooth, terete. Leaves membranous, obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, acuminate or apiculate, narrowed to the base; edges dentate, serrate or sub-serrate; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, glandular; main-nerves 3 to 6 pairs, curving upwards, bold beneath; length 5 to 2.75 in.; breadth 3 to 1.25 in.; petioles 1 in. to 4 in. long. Heads 25 in. in diam., in compound terminal puberulous corymbose cymes, much longer than the leaves; involucral bracts few, rather broad, obtuse. Florets of the disk 3; those of the ray numerous. Cypselas minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous; pappus scanty, spreading, reddish-white. Wight Ill. t. 131; Clarke Comp. Ind. 93; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 272; Prain Bengal Plants 600. P. foliosa, DC. 1.c. 451. Conyza corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 426; Wall. Cat. 3009. C. indica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 58. Baccharis indica, Linn.

MALACCA: Griffith. PENANG: Wallich. SINGAPORE: Kurz. DINDINGS: Curtis 3451. PERAK: Scortechini 848; King's Collector 2893. -DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Australia

11. SPHÆRANTHUS, Linn.

Annual herbs with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, toothed, decurrent. Flower-heads proper, small, heterogamous, disciform, sessile, on a common receptacle, bracteate or not, and forming solitary, globose, or ovoid, a head-like terminal cluster, usually bearing at its base an involucre of a few empty bracts. Outer florets, few or many, fertile, slender; inner solitary or few, , fertile or sterile ; involucre narrow, its bracts dry, narrow, unequal, acute; receptacle small, naked; pappus none. Florets: ? with filiform, minutely 2-3-toothed corollas; with regular corollas with thickened tube and 4-5-toothed limb. Anthers with sagittate bases acute or tailed. Style of florets with filiform arms or entire. Cypselas oblong, sub

compressed, without pappus.--DISTRIB. About 8 species, tropics of Asia, Africa, and Australia.

SPHÆRANTHUS AFRICANUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1314. Annual, glabrous or pubescent, the stem and branches with long decurrent, entire wings. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate, acute or sub-acute, with a small bristle-point at the apex, the base narrowed and confluent with the wing of the branch, the edges bristle-serrate; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth 25 to 1.25 in. Clusters of heads globose, 3 to 4 in. in diam., pedunculate, their involucres few, scarious, rounded or jagged, not imbricate; the peduncles 25 to 4 in. long, glabrous, with a wing widening at the base. Female florets about 15, gibbous. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 275; Prain Bengal Plants, 601. S. africanus and S. microcephalus, Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 2395. S. microcephalus, DC. Prod. V. 360; Clarke Comp. Ind. 97. S. indicus, Willd. 1.c. 2394; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 62, Fl. Ind. III. 446. S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179 (in part).

MALACCA: Griffith. KEDAH: King's Collector 1701. SINGAPORE: Ridley 5069. PENANG: Curtis 1942; Deschamps. PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Ridley 7125. PERAK Scortechini 1640.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Philippines, Australia, Africa.

12. EMILIA, Cass.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, often glaucous, sometimes sarmentose. Leaves alternate, radical, crowded, petiolate, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline few, stem-clasping. Heads on long peduncles, solitary or loosely corymbose, ebracteolate at the base, homogamous, discoid, yellow or red; florets all, fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric; its bracts in a single series, equal, free or cohering, striate; receptacle flat, naked. Style-arms sub-terete, their apices short and obtuse, or long and acute. Cypselas sub-terete, or 5-ribbed or -angled; pappus hairs numerous, white, silky.-DISTRIB. Species 14 or 15; all Indo-Malayan and tropical African.

EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA, DC. Prod. VI. 302. Annual, usually erect, sometimes diffuse and sarmentose, 12 to 30 in. high. Leaves: the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, rarely elliptic, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes scaberulous, 1·5 to 4 in. long; petioles variable but rarely exceeding an inch in length; cauline leaves much smaller, hastate or linear-hastate, dentate, sessile and auriculate, more or less stem-clasping. Heads 4 in. long and the same in diam. when expanded, on long ebracteate or scantily bracteate peduncles, collected in lax terminal long pedunculate spreading corymbs. Involucre nearly as long as the purple florets, ecalyculate; its bracts linear-oblong, sub

acute. Cypselas truncate at each end, minutely hairy. DC. in Wight Contrib. 24. E. sonchifolia, vars. a and B, Clarke Comp. Ind. 174. Calcalia sonchifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 835; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 413; Don Prod. 180; Wall. Cat. 3144. E. glabra, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3145. Gynura ecalyculata, DC. 1.c. 298. Prenanthes sarmentosa, Wall. Cat. 3262E. E. scabra, DC. 1.c. 303; Wight Ic. 1123. E. mucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175.

SINGAPORE: Hullett 240. PENANG: Deschamps; Scortechini; Stolickza.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China.

VAR. minor, King & Gamble. Little more than a foot high, lower leaves broadly ovate, truncate at the base, on long narrow winged petioles.

PERAK: King's Collector 301. PENANG in Klang and Batu Gaja jungles: Deschamps.

In this variety the terminal lobe only of the leaf is developed, the lower part being long and narrow like a petiole.

13. GYNURA, Cass.

Succulent herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes climbers, glabrous or hispid. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatisect. Heads solitary or in corymbs, bracteolate at the base, homogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Florets yellow all the tubular, fertile (rarely a few of the outer ones more slender and ?) the limb 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric or sub-campanulate; the bracts 10 or 12, in a single series, narrow, equal; their margins scarious; receptacle flat, pitted or shortly fimbrillate. Anthers with bases entire or sub-auricled. Style-arms slender; their apices long, slender, subulate, hispid. Cypselas narrow, many-ribbed; hairs of pappus copious, in many series, slender, white.— DISTRIB. Species about 20, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Scandent; leaves subentire or slightly dentate, petiolate

An erect herb; leaves always boldly dentate and often pinnatisect or pinnatifid, sessile and often sub-amplexicaul or auriculate

1. G. sarmentosa.

2. G. bicolor.

1. GYNURA SARMENTOSA, DC. Prod. VI. 298. Stem and branches loosely twining, glabrous except the puberulous peduncles, thinner than a goose-quill, pale brown and striate when dry. Leaves succulent, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base cuneate, the edges subentire or slightly dentate, both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth 4 to 1 in.; petioles of the lower leaves 15 to 4 in.; the small upper leaves often sessile. Heads few, 65 to 75 in. long, and as much in diam., on slender puberulous