pedicels usually in scanty, lax, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal cymes longer than the leaves; bracteoles of the panicle and of the calyculus at the base of the involucre few, small, linear. Involucre spreading little, its bracts narrowly oblong, subacute or blunt, glabrous; their edges scarious, nearly as long as the florets. Cypselas small, brown, with 10 puberulous ribs; pappus white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335. G. Finlaysoniana, DC. 1.c. 299; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 55. Cacalia cylindrifolia, reclinata, and Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 3150, 3151, 3162. Sonchus volubilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. V. t. 103 f. 2.

In all the provinces, common.-DISTRIB. Malayan Archipelago; Siam; Philippines.

2. GYNURA BICOLOR, DC. Prod. VI. 299. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous or sparsely and minutely glandular-hairy on the upper part; stems erect, branched, about the thickness of a quill near the base, boldly striate when dry. Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the lobules acutely dentate; the terminal lobe narrow and acuminate, narrowed at the base into a petiole varying in length from 5 to 1 in.; the upper sessile and often auriculate at the base, or shorter and narrowly obtuse with large teeth; length 2.5 to 5 in.; breadth 4 to 3 in. Heads about 5 in. long, less in diam. Involucral bracts narrow, with scarious margins and acute often recurved tips. Cypselas very slender, much ribbed, sub-glabrous; pappus copious, white, tinged with pink. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335.

bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 412; Salisb. Hort. Parad. t. 25; Bot. Regist. t. 110.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 1618. JOHORE: Ridley 2741; King. PERAK: Wray 1445, 3599. PENANG: Deschamps. MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.), 3235.-DISTRIB. China, Moluccas.

14. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in leafy panicles, heterogamous, sub-radiate, yellow or white. Rayflorets, in a single series, fertile, the corollas short-tubed, with 2-3-fid limb or a short, broad ligule. Disk-florets, fertile, or the inner ones sterile; the corollas regular, tubular, the limb campanulate and 5-fid or narrow and 3- to 4-toothed. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, the bracts few, herbaceous, glandular, the outer usually 5, spathulate, spreading; the inner enclosing the rayflorets. Receptacle small; the pales membranous, concave. Anthers with entire bases. Style of florets with short, flattened, sub-acute arms. Cypselas obovoid-oblong, often incurved, their apices obtuse;

pappus none.-DISTRIB. Six species, one cosmopolitan, tropical and sub-tropical, the others South American and African.

SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 900. An erect annual, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the lower branches opposite, everywhere clothed with pubescence, often glandular and crisped. Leaves membranous, opposite, the lower ovate sub-rhomboid, the upper ovatelanceolate, dentate or crenate, passing into linear-lanceolate, and sometimes entire; all cuneate at the base; both surfaces olivaceous when dry; the upper scabrid, hispid; the lower more softly hairy; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, curved, spreading; length 1 to 4 in.; petioles very short or absent. Involucre with the outer bracts longer than the inner. Cypselas black, the outer enclosed in the glandular involucral bracts. Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 250; DC. Prod. V. 495; Wight Ic. 1103; Wall. Cat. 3182; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants, 607. S. glutinosa, Wall. Cat. 3182. S. brachiata and S. orientalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 432. Minyranthes heterophylla, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Misc. 1851, I. 181.

In all the provinces, near habitations.

15. ECLIPTA, Linn.

Strigose or hirsute annuals. Leaves opposite. Heads small, axillary or terminal, pedunculate, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets, sub2-seriate, fertile or sterile, ligulate, small, entire or bifid, white rarely yellow. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, 4-5-fid. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate; its bracts sub-2-seriate, herbaceous, the outer large and broad; receptacle flat or nearly so, the outer pales enclosing several florets; the inner ones narrow, sometimes absent. Anthers with obtuse, almost entire, bases. Style-arms flattened, with short triangular or obtuse appendages. Cypselas of the ray narrow, triquetrous, sometimes barren; those of the disk stouter, somewhat compressed laterally, the apex entire, toothed or 2-aristate.-DISTRIB. 7 species in South America and Australia, and 1 cosmopolitan in the tropics.

ECLIPTA ERECTA, Linn. Mant. II. 266. An erect or diffuse branched slender herb, hirsute or strigillose. Leaves variable in form and size, sessile or with very short petioles; linear, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; narrowed at both ends; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, spreading, faint; length 1 to 4 in.; breadth 2 to 5 in. Heads 3 to 4 in. in diam., solitary or in pairs from the leaf-axils; the peduncles 25 to 1.5 in. long, when in pairs always unequal. Involucral bracts equal to or longer than the flowers, unequal, ovate or obovate, apiculate. Cypselas scabrid, without pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook.

fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants; 610. Lam. Ill. t. 687. E. alba, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 528; Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304. E. marginata, Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 249. E. prostrata, Linn. Mant. II. 266; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 438. E. prostrata, undulata, and parviflora, Wall. Cat. 3209, 3210, 3213. Verbesina alba and prostrata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 902.

In all the provinces. In and near cultivated ground.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally.

16. WEDELIA, Jacq.

Hirsute or scabrid-pubescent herbs or undershrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary or terminal, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets 9, fertile, ligulate, spreading, entire, or 2-toothed at the apex. Disk-florets, fertile or the inner sterile; the corolla tubular, regular, with elongate 5-toothed limb. Involucre campanulate or sub-hemispheric; its bracts sub-2-seriate, the outer 3 to 5 usually herbaceous, the inner dry; receptacle flat or convex, the pales enclosing the flowers. Anthers entire or sub-sagittate at the base. Style of florets with acute arms hirsute at their tips. Cypselas cuneate-oblong or obovoid, thick, smooth or tubercled, laterally compressed or the outer triquetrous, tip rounded, margins obtuse or thickened; pappus none, or reduced to a toothed cup or ring, or sometimes of short scales with occasionally a few bristles.-Distrib. Species about 70, tropical and sub-tropical.

WEDELIA BIFLORA, DC. in Wight Contrib. Fl. Ind. 18. Scandent; stem and branches hispid-puberulous when very young, afterwards almost glabrous, obtusely 4-angled, grooved when dry. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate or ovate-subrhomboid to lanceolate, apex. acuminate, edges coarsely serrate except at the broad, slightly cuneate base; both surfaces dull olivaceous green when dry, minutely reticulate, sparsely hispid-puberulous; main-nerves one large pair ascending from the base of the midrib to near the apex branching outwards and one or two smaller pairs from above the middle of the midrib, all distinct on both surfaces; length 2 to 4.5 in.; breadth 1.25 to 2.75 in.; petioles 75 to 1.5 in., those of the branches smaller. Heads about 5 in. in diam., solitary on a short peduncle ·75 in. or less in length, or 2 to 4 on peduncles two or three times as long. Involucral bracts in two rows, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, concave, scabrid-puberulous outside like the peduncles, often recurved. Ripe cypselas triquetrous, scaberulous, the apex with some hairs and several short bristles, one longer than the others. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 306. W. scandens, Benth.; Prain Bengal Plants, 612; Clarke Comp. Ind. 136 (excl. syn.). Woolastonia

biflora and W. scabriuscula, DC. Prod. V. 546, 547. W. biflora, Wight Ic. 1108. Verbesina biflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. II. 1272. Wall. Cat. 3207 (in part). V. dichotoma, Wall. Cat. 3024 (in part). Eclipta scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 3212 (partly). Acmella biflora, Spreng. Syst. III. 591.

On the sea coast, common.

17. SPILANTHES, Linn.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary or terminal, usually on long peduncles, heterogamous and rayed, or homogamous and disciform. Ray-florets, in a single series, fertile, ligulate, white or yellow. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, with 4 or 5-fid limb. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, the bracts sub-2-seriate; receptacle convex, elongate, the pales enclosing the flowers often connate with the ovary into a stalk. Anthers with truncate entire or bifid bases. Style-arms of florets truncate. Cypselas of ray-florets triquetrous or dorsally compressed, the margins and angles usually ciliate; pappus none or of 2 or 3 bristles.-DISTRIB. About 40 species, chiefly tropical American.

SPILANTHES ACMELLA, Murr. Syst. ed. XIII. 610. Erect or ascending, glabrous, branched, 1 to 2 feet long; the branches as thick as a crow-quill, striate, glabrous, pale brown when dry. Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, with sub-acute apex and cuneate base, the edges crenate serrate or entire; main-nerves a single pair, ascending; length ·75 to 1.5 in.; petioles 1 to 3 in. long. Heads ovoidconical, 35 to 5 in. long, on slender peduncles 1 to 2.5 in long, solitary or in very lax panicles. Involucral bracts short, oblong, blunt or subacute, 3-nerved. Ray-florets minute. Cypselas sometimes marginate, scabrid or smooth; pappus of one or two bristles or absent. DC. Prod. V. 623; Prain Bengal Plants, 614; Wall. Cat. 3285; Clarke Comp. Ind. 138; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 307. S. calva, DC. 1.c. V. 625; Wight Ic. 1109. S. pseudo-Acmella, Linn.; DC. 1.c. 625, and in Wight Contrib. 19; Wall. Cat. 3185. S. oleracea, Jacq. Hort. Vind. II. t. 135; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 410; DC. 1.c. 624. Bidens fervida and B. fixa, Lamk. Dict. I. 415, 416. Cotula conica, Wall. Cat. 3185. Verbesina Acmella, Linn. Sp. Pl. 901. V. pseudo-Acmella, Linn. 1.c. 901. MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.) 3186; Cuming 2361. PERAK: Scortechini 1400. PENANG: Deschamps.

18. SYNEDRELLA, Gaertn.

Annual branched herbs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, dentate. Heads small, axillary and terminal, heterogamous, rayed. Involucre ovoid or

oblong, its bracts few; the outer one or two foliaceous, passing into the flat scarious pales of the small receptacle. Ray-florets few, ?, ligulate, with short broad 2-3-toothed lamina. Disk-florets, tubular, regular, the limb 4-toothed. Anthers syngenesious, their bases sub-entire. Style-arms of florets long, acute. Cypselas of ray-florets much compressed dorsally, smooth, their edges winged and with long teeth; those of the few, narrower, compressed or trigonous often muricate; pappus in both consisting of 2 (rarely more) bristles.-DISTRIB. Species 2, tropical American, 1 also Asiatic and African.

SYNEDRELLA NODIFLORA, Gaertn. Fruct. II. 456, t. 171, f. 7. An erect dichotomous annual with terete wiry glabrous branches thicker than a crow-quill; all parts more or less scaberulous. Leaves membranous, opposite, petiolate, ovate, acute, the base cuneate, the edges serrate or crenate (sometimes obscurely so); main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, the lower pair long and bold, the others short and faint; both surfaces minutely and sparsely strigose, and greenish when dry; length 75 to 3 in.; breadth 3 to 1.25 in.; petioles 1 to 4 in. often ciliate on the edges. Heads 25 in. in diam., axillary, solitary or in small clusters, usually sessile but sometimes on short peduncles; inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, shining. Cypselas of the inner flowers muricate, with 2 unequal hispid pappus hairs longer than themselves and than the corolla; outer cypselas shorter, broader, smooth, black; their edges winged, deeply toothed, pale. Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 60; Clarke Comp. Ind. 139; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 308; Prain Bengal Plants, 615. Verbesina nodiflora, Linn. Amoen. Acad. IV. 290. Near cultivation, common.

19. BIDENS, Linn.

Herbaceous, annual or perennial, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite, entire, irregularly lobed or 1-2-pinnatisect. Heads small and corymbose or larger and sub-solitary, heterogamous and rayed. Rayflorets in one series, neuter or rarely ?, fertile, the corolla ligulate, yellow or white, spreading, entire or somewhat toothed. Disk-florets

, fertile, tube, cylindric, limb shortly 5-fid; occasionally homogamous from the abortion of the ray-florets. Involucre campanulate or subhemispheric, its bracts in two series, often slightly connate below; the outer short herbaceous or long and leafy, the inner membranous; receptacle flat or convex; its pales narrow, little concave. Anthers entire or bluntly sagittate at the base. Style of florets with arms hirsute upwards and short acute or long apices. Cypselas dorsally compressed or somewhat tetragonous, linear or cuneiform, often narrowed but not beaked above; pappus of 2 to 4 persistent,