retrorsely barbellate arms.-DISTRIB. American.

About 120 species, chiefly

BIDENS PILOSA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 832. An erect, very variable, glabrous pubescent or pilose herb, 6 to 24 in. high; stems when dry 4-angled. Leaves 3-fid to 3-partite, or 2-3-pinnatifid, their segments broadly or narrowly ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Heads 3 to 4 in. across, on long stout petioles of varying length, terminal or axillary. Ray-flowers when present white or yellow, often absent. Involucral bracts shorter than the flowers, broadly oblong, with scarious margins. Cypselas black, compressed, long, narrow, slender, ribbed; pappus of 3 or 4 bristles shorter than the cypselas, pale brown.

VAR. 1 pilosa proper, Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 309; leaves 3-fid or 3-sect, their segments broadly or narrowly ovate or lanceolate, serrate. B. pilosa, Linn.; DC. Prod. V. 597; Clarke Comp. Ind. 140; Prain Bengal Plants, 616. B. leucantha, Willd. B. chinensis, Willd.; Wall. Cat. 3189 (in part). B. tripartita and B. bipinnata, Wall. Cat. 3187 (in part).

VAR. 2 bipinnata, Hook. fil. 1.c. 309; leaves bipinnately compound, their segments ovate lanceolate or linear, entire lobed or toothed. B. bipinnata, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 411. B. chinensis, Wall. Cat. 3189 (in part). B. Wallichii, DC. Prod. V. 598.

VAR. 3 decomposita, Hook. fil. 1.c. 310; leaves decompoundly pinnatifid, segments linear, slender. B. decomposita, Wall. in DC. Prod. V. 602, Cat. 3188; Clarke Comp. Ind. 141 excl. var. B.

In all the provinces: in waste ground near cultivation, but not common.-DISTRIB. In all warm countries.

20. TRIDAX, Linn.

A perennial herb. Leaves opposite, pinnatisect, with few narrow segments. Heads solitary on very long peduncles, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets, fertile, ligulate or bilabiate, the outer lip large 3-fid, the inner small and 2-fid or none. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-fid. Involucral bracts in few series, the outer short broad herbaceous; receptacle flat or convex; its scales membranous. Anthers with short acute auricles at their bases. Style-arms of the flowers hairy above, their apices subulate. Cypselas oblong or depressed-globose, silky; pappus of unequal aristate feathery bristles. -DISTRIB. 7 species, tropical American, 1 being an introduced weed in the tropics of Asia.

TRIDAX PROCUMBENS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 900. Procumbent, hirsute, with slightly branched stems as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves membranous, few, ovate-lanceolate, deeply and irregularly serrate, 5 to 2 in. long.

Heads 4 to 6 in. in diam., on slender erect solitary peduncles 3 to 8 in. long. Cypselas brown; pappus shining, white. DC. Prod. V. 679; Wall. Cat. 3197; Clarke Comp. Ind. 142; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 311; Prain Bengal Plants, 618.

In cultivated and waste places: an introduction.

21. CENTIPEDA, Lour.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads small, axillary, sessile or racemose, heterogamous, disciform, yellow. Outer florets 9, in many rows, fertile, their corollas minute, obscurely lobed. Disk-florets, few, fertile, their corollas with short tube and campanulate 4-fid limb. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, spreading in fruit; receptacle naked. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-arms of flower short, truncate. Cypselas 4-angled, the apices obtuse, the angles hairy; the hairs sometimes hooked; pappus none.-DISTRIB. 43 species, Asiatic, Australian, and South American.

CENTIPEDA ORBICULARIS, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. III. 493. An annual prostrate herb with numerous thin rooting stems, glabrous or sparsely tomentose. Leaves obovate-oblong or cuneate, 2 to 5 in. long, sparsely toothed. Heads 1 to 15 in. in diam., globose, solitary, axillary, subsessile. Florets, 9 minute, numerous, tubular, minutely 3-toothed;

10 to 12, 4-toothed. Cypselas with simple hairs. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 317; Prain Bengal Plants, 620. C. minuta, Benth. in Bth. & Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. II. 230; Clarke Comp. Ind. 151. Myriogyne minuta, Less.; DC. Prod. VI. 139. Cotula sternutatoria, Wall. Cat. 3259. C. minima, Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 2170. Dichrocephala Schmidii, Wight Ic. 1610. Artemisia sternutatoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 423. A. minima, Linn. Sp. Pl. 849. Sphæromorphæa centipeda, DC. 1.c. 140.

In all the provinces: by the sides of roads in cultivated ground, not common.

22. ARTEMISIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually fragrant. Leaves alternate, 1- to 3-pinnatisect, serrate or entire. Heads small, numerous, racemose or panicled, solitary or in fascicles (never corymbose), heterogamous or homogamous, disciform. Outer florets, in a single series, fertile, very slender, 2- to 3-toothed. Disk-florets, fertile or sterile, the limb 5-fid. Involucre ovoid, sub-globose or hemispheric; bracts in few series, the outer shorter, their margins scarious; receptacle flat or convex, naked or hairy. Anthers with entire obtuse bases. Style-arms of the florets with truncate, usually penicillate, tips. Cypselas very minute, oblong,

ellipsoid or sub-obovoid, faintly striate; pappus none.-DISTRIB. About 240 species in the north temperate regions mostly of the Old World.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 848. A small shrub; stems as thick as a goose-quill, brown when dry, sub-glaucous and with sparse white pubescence. Leaves membranous, varying much in shape and size, those near the base several inches long, large pinnatipartite or bi-pinnatipartite, the pinnules oblong, the ultimate lobes entire with sub-aristate apices, leaves of the stem diminishing in size upwards, laciniate, and passing near the apex into simple linear bracts less than 5 in. long; all glabrous on the upper surface and white adpressedpubescent on the lower. Heads about 15 in. long, cylindric or narrowly campanulate, sessile, solitary or in small clusters, in axillary sub-secund spikes of varying length, the upper part of the stem forming a long spike. Involucral bracts only 5 or 6, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, the inner scarious. Corollas glabrous. DC. Prod. V. 112; Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 371; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 420; Clarke Comp. Ind. 161; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 325. A. indica, Willd.; DC. 1.c. 114; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 419; Wight Ic. 1112; Wall. Cat. 3293. A. dubia, Wall. Cat. 3307; DC. 1.c. 110. A. myriantha, Wall. Cat. 3297; DC. l.c. 112. A. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 418. A. leptostachya, DC. 1.c. 113. A. grata, Wall. Cat. 3294 (in part); DC. l.c. 114. A. lavandulæfolia, DC. 1.c. 110.

In all the provinces, near cultivation, not common and probably introduced.-DISTRIB. Europe, Northern Asia, India, mountains of the Malayan Archipelago.

23. CREPIS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, hairs all simple. Leaves alternate, radical or cauline, the latter often stem-clasping, entire toothed or pinnatifid. Heads pedunculate, solitary, fasciculate or corymbose, yellow or red, homogamous, ligulate. Involucre cylindric or campanulate; bracts either multi-seriate and regularly imbricate, or the outer smaller and shorter than the single series of inner; base of midrib often thickened after flowering; receptacle flat, rarely concave, naked or shortly fimbrillate. Corollas ligulate, with broad 5-toothed apices. Anthers syngenesious, their bases sagittate, the auricles acute or shortly setaceous. Cypselas more or less fusiform or oblong, rarely short and cylindric, often slender, glabrous or scaberulous, 10- to 20-ribbed, the apex narrowed or beaked; pappus usually copious, short or long, the hairs simple, soft, usually silvery, rarely brownish and stiff or brittle.-DISTRIB. Species about 10, chiefly in the northern regions of the Old World.

CREPIS JAPONICA, Benth. Fl. Hongk., 194. Annual; glabrous or puberulous; stems one or more from the same root, 6 to 18 in. high. Radical leaves oblanceolate, runcinate-pinnatifid or sinuately toothed, 1 to 2.5 in. long, usually on petioles 5 to 1.5 in. long; cauline leaves few, much smaller and often sessile. Heads 2 in. long and 3 in. in diam. when expanded, on short, slender pedicels with linear minute bracteoles at their bases, collected at the apices of the long, slender stems in compact or lax corymbose cymes. Involucres shorter than the florets, their bracts in two rows, the outer very short; the inner 6 or 7, narrowly oblong, blunt, with narrow hyaline margins and dark, thickened midribs. Cypselas 1 in. long, contracted below the apex, but not beaked, compressed, with many smooth or puberulous ribs, equal to or shorter than the soft, white pappus. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 395; Prain Bengal Plants, 627. C. lyrata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 253. Youngia lyrata, Cass.; Thw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 168. Youngia Thunbergiana, runcinata, napifolia, Poosia, ambigua, fastigiata and striata, DC. Prod. VII. 192, 193. Y. napifolia, Wight Ic. 1147. Lactuca napifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 27. Chondrilla runcinata, Wall. Cat. 3272. Prenanthes Poosia and napifolia, Wall. Cat. 3265, 3277. P. japonica, Linn. Mant. 107. P. striata, Blume Bijdr. 885.

In all the provinces, near or in cultivated ground.

Order LXII. STYLIDIEÆ.

Herbaceous plants, rarely undershrubs. Leaves radical or scattered or fasciculate on the stem, more or less subverticillate, entire, often small and narrow, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or thyrsoid or corymbose panicles, irregular, perfect, pedicels bracteate. Calyxtube adnate to the ovary; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-, lower 2-flowered. Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, 4 lobes spreading, the fifth (lip) smaller, irregular, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 2, parallel, inserted on a glandular disk surmounting the ovary; filaments connate with the style into a column; anthers sessile on the column, the cells subconfluent. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; style entire or divided into two stigmas; ovules many in each cell, on axile placentas on the middle of the dissepiment, anatropous. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, sometimes 1-celled by the suppression of the septum, the valves cohering at the base. Seeds minute, numerous, sub-globose; albumen fleshy; testa thin; embryo minute, next the hilum.-DISTRIB. Species about 100, Australian, with a few in tropical Asia, New Zealand, and Antarctic America.

STYLIDIUM, Sw.

Herbs, with the habit leaves and inflorescence of the Order. Calyx-lobes 5, bilabiate. Corolla irregularly 5-lobed, 4 lobes sub-erect in pairs, the fifth smaller, recurved. Stamens in an elongate column, often recurved or reflexed, especially when irritated. Ovary 2-celled, stigma entire.-DISTRIB. 85 Australian species and 3 Indian or Malayan.

STYLIDIUM TENELLUM, Swartz in Gesellsch. Nat. Berl. Mag. 1807, 51. t. 2, fig. 3, not of Br. A small erect herb; stem simple, leafy, glabrous, 4 to 8 in. high, dichotomous, compressed. Leaves scattered, alternate, oblong or oblong-obovate, lower ones broader 2 to 3 in. long, upper ones narrower, getting gradually smaller upwards and passing. gradually into bracts; nerves of lower leaves 3, from the base. Flowers sessile, 2 to 5, alternate; bracts minute, linear. Calyx bilabiate, upper 3-, lower 2-lobed, lobes linear. Corolla irregularly 5-lobed, 4 lobes erect linear, the fifth recurved, spathulate. Staminal column exsert, stamens 2, anthers 2-celled, connivent. Ovary inferior, elongate, 2-celled, manyseeded, stigma entire. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 5 to 7 in. long; seeds minute, papillose. DC. Prod. VII. 336; Hook. fil. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. II. 8; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 571; Kurz in Flora, 1872, 304. S. roseum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLV. ii. 137, XLVI. ii. 212; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 420.

PENANG Ridley 7103. PROVINCE WELLESLEY, at Butterworth: G. King. MALACCA: Swartz.-DISTRIB. Eastern Bengal and Burma, in Dacca, Chittagong and Mergui.

S. uliginosum, Swartz, is recorded in Fl. Br. Ind. as from "MALACCA fide H. ƒ. and T."; as we have seen no specimens, we consider it sufficient to record the fact. In Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. it is S. Kunthii, Wall., that is recorded from Malacca, and it seems more likely that this is right as Griffith obtained it at Mergui.

Order LXIII. GOODENOVIEÆ.

Shrubs, undershrubs, but chiefly herbs, juice not milky. Leaves alternate or radical, rarely opposite, entire dentate or occasionally pinnatifid; stipules none. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary or in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles, regular or irregular, bracts and bracteoles occasionally present. Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary or free; lobes 5, sometimes very small, sometimes connate in a ring or obsolete. Corolla gamopetalous, inserted on the calyx, usually white, yellow or blue, rarely red; lobes 5, valvate, usually induplicatewinged. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the