outdoor living, can take just about anything we can give him to do, given half a chance, and if he is convinced of its importance. He will gripe after a long, tough, dangerous training day, but be proud and a better man for having made it, successfully. He needs, as a young adult male, to be severely challenged, given a chance to prove himself-to himself-a man. This is something increasingly denied by an increasingly comfortable, laborsaving, secure homelife in our cities and suburbs.

It is often said by experienced Army officers that the public-"the mothers," as it is commonly put-would never stand for this, that they would object violently to the harshness and severity of a tougher, more dangerously demanding, basic training cycle. Certainly this is true, and predictably so, unless the need is clearly understood by all, and unless it is shown vividly to parents that the increased toughness of training increases their sons'-and their country'schances for survival. The Armed Forces need help in informing the public about such a program designed to meet the requirements of the dispersed and irregular battlefield of the future (of today, in Vietnam), where men may have to function in small groups, far from conventional means of support. That help can come from veterans of our earlier battles, from intelligent civilian consultants, and from those among our representatives who, like you, have such profound exposure to and understanding of the problems and the goals of our military professionals.

These thoughts are, in outline, some of the things I believe need doing, or studying, or considering, right now, if we are to maintain an Army of citizens who can serve their fellows properly. Great and sincere efforts have been made over the years by our senior military people, to fit our men to the changing nature of war and the world situation. My suggestions are not intended or designed to belittle those efforts, nor to assert that they have been for naught. They are offered, rather, in serious regard for the changing nature of our society and our people. They reflect, solely, my desire as a soldier and a physician to soldiers, to help insure that the young men we lead be well led, genuinely motivated by love for their people and their ideals, proud to be members of this great company of fighting men, knowledgeable about their enemies, and fully equipped with the moral and spiritual hardware which today's great battles, and greater war, require of freemen.

Very respectfully,

WILLIAM E. MAYER, M.D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army.

The special subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 a.m., in room 224, Old Senate Office Building, Senator John Stennis (chairman), presiding.

Present: Senators Stennis (chairman), Thurmond, Saltonstall, and Smith.

Also present: Lt. Comdr. R. T. Mooney, U.S. Navy, information programs officer, Bureau of Naval Personnel.

Special subcommittee staff: James T. Kendall, chief counsel.

CHAIRMAN'S OPENING STATEMENT

Senator STENNIS (presiding). Let the subcommittee come to order. The chairman has a short statement to make.

Today, after a recess of some 2 weeks, we resume our consideration of the military internal information and education program. In continuing our inquiry into this important subject, we will hear today from witnesses from the U.S. Navy who will discuss with us their service's internal information and leadership program. On several occasions I have stressed the importance which I place upon such programs. While a full knowledge and understanding of modern weapons is a prime requisite of today's modern defense teams, it is also true that to meet successfully the varied challenges of today's changing world, our servicemen must be taught much besides strictly military skills.

We must be certain that our military personnel have the essential ideological training which will enable them to grasp and comprehend the cherished traditions and principles of our American democracy as well as the nature of the tyrannical forces which threaten it with destruction. We can be fully successful in this effort only if we instill in each member of the armed services a sense of personal dedication to our country and its heritage so that he will be a determined and unfaltering member of our defense team in peace as well as in war. Citizens and soldiers alike must dedicate and rededicate themselves to basic, fundamental and self-evident truths so that, in the words of Abraham Lincoln, "Government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from this earth."

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If, through the course and process of this study and this investigation, we can make some contribution to the attainment of these objectives, our efforts will have been well rewarded. It is of cardinal importance that all of us should have a basic comprehension, not only of why we must be prepared to fight, but of what we will be fighting for, if fight we must.

Today, the principle witness is Rear Adm. A. S. Heyward, Jr., Deputy and Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, who is accompanied by Capt. B. G. Baer, Special Assistant to the Chief of Naval Personnel for Leadership, and Capt A. R. Gallaher, Assistant Chief for Education and Training, Bureau of Personnel.

Gentlemen of the Navy, I want to add a special word. It has been my impression over the years that the Navy has had special problems in being scattered all over the world. Nevertheless, in spite of these special problems, it seems to the chairman, that the Navy has done and does an unusually good job with reference to personnel matters. I have not had a chance to come in contact very much with your special program that you are going to deal with today, and I know that your special situation is one of the reasons why a hard and fast rule will not apply throughout the services. But I think we can, nevertheless, have some hard, fundamental rules and minimum standards. I know you are interested, and we look forward to hearing you and finding out what is good about your program, and if there are any chances for improvement that you might suggest or that we might suggest from our viewpoint. We can have a lucrative exchange of thought on that ground.

We are glad to have you here, Admiral.

Will you proced in your own way?

HEYWARD HAS SHORT STATEMENT AND LONG STATEMENT

I know you have a prepared statement, and I appreciate your sending it in, in time.

Mr. Kendall tells me that when it came in, there was a rush to get it mimeographed and ready for distribution. It was not discovered at that time that you had a short statement and a long statement. Otherwise, we would have mimeographed the long statement, too. That is the reason the short statement went to the press.

We now have the long statement available, and I understand it has been distributed to the press and to the members, Senator Thurmond. Gentlemen, will all three of you be sworn at the same time? Do you and each of you solemnly swear that your testimony before this subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?

Admiral HEYWARD. I do.

Captain GALLAHER. I do.

Captain BAER. I do.

BIOGRAPHIES OF HEYWARD, GALLAHER, AND BAER

Senator STENNIS. At this point we will put in the record the biographical sketch of all three of these gentlemen, Admiral Heyward.

(The biographical sketches of Admiral Heyward, Captain Gallaher, and Captain Baer, respectively, are as follows:)

BIOGRAPHY OF REAR ADM. ALEXANDER S. HEYWARD, JR., U.S. NAVY

Alexander Salley Heyward, Jr., was born in Columbia, S.C., on March 22, 1908, son of Alexander S. Heyward of Boykin, S.C., and the late Mrs. Lucretia Shannon Heyward. Receiving his early education in public schools in Columbia, Camden, and Lugoff, S.C., and Porter Military Academy, Charleston, S.C., he entered the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., on June 15, 1926, as a midshipman from his native State. He was graduated and commissioned ensign on June 5, 1930, and through subsequent promotions attained the rank of rear admiral, to date from August 1, 1958.

After graduation from the Naval Academy in June 1930, he completed elimination flight training at the Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Va., and in September of that year joined the U.S.S. California. He served as a junior division and watch officer in that battleship until February 1931, when he was ordered to the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Fla. A year later he was designated naval aviator and was detached in April 1932 for duty as a pilot (heavier than air) of Observation Squadron 1-B, and gunfire spotter aboard the U.S.S. Texas. From June 1934 to June 1935 he served with Fighting Squadron 3, based first on the U.S.S. Langley, later on the U.S.S. Ranger.

Returning to the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, in June 1935, he served for 2 years as a heavier-than-air fighting plane instructor, and while there was a member of the stunt team. For the next 3 years he had duty with Patrol Squadrons 9 and 12, as a pilot and structures officer, after which he again served at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, this time as chief flight instructor (patrol planes). During the early period of World War II, he was executive officer of Patrol Squadron 84 and patrol plane commander, and in August 1942 assumed command of Patrol Squadron 73, flying PBY (Catalina) amphibians.

He was awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat V, for "exceptionally meritorious conduct * ** as commanding officer of Patrol Squadron 73, transferred from Iceland to French Morocco in November 1942 * * *" The citation continues: "Immediately establishing an antisubmarine patrol, based upon Port Lyautey, (he) courageously led his squadron on numerous hazardous missions throughout the following 2 months, executing his duties with outstanding skill and grim determination *** contributing immeasurably to the security of the U.S. naval forces and shipping during the capture and occupation of French Morocco." From October 1943 to April 1944 he served as commander, Key West Air Group, Fleet Air Wing 12. He then had 5 months' instruction at the ArmyNavy Staff College, Washington, D.C., and in October 1944 joined the staff of commander, Fleet Air Wing 1. As chief of staff and plans officer, he participated in operations at Kerama Retto and Okinawa during the Okinawa campaign. He was awarded a Gold Star in lieu of the second Legion of Merit. The citation follows:

"For exceptionally meritorious conduct *** [in that capacity] during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean areas, from October 6, 1944, to April 15, 1945, * * *." The citation further states that he "contributed materially to the successful accomplishment of complex search and reconnaissance missions for the 3d and 5th Fleet *** [and] aided directly in the success achieved by the wing, during the Iwo Jima and Okinawa operations *

Detached from Fleet Air Wing 1 in October 1945, he joined the U.S.S. Antietam the next month, and served as executive officer of that aircraft carrier until March 1946. He then reported to the Navy Department, Washington, D.C., for a tour of duty in the Aviation Plans and Programs Division, as liaison with provisional international civil aviation organization. From July 1947 to June 1949 he was at the Naval War College, first as a student (senior class, strategy and tactics) and later on the staff (strategic area studies).

He commanded a drone control squadron (VX-2) for 1 year, and from June 1950 until October 1951 served on the staff of commander, aircraft, Pacific, as assistant chief of staff (plans). For a year thereafter he was commanding officer of the U.S.S. Timbalier, seaplane tender operating in the Norfolk, Coco Solo, Iceland, and Shetland Island areas. In October 1952 he returned to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations for duty as Head, Aviation Operations Branch, Fleet Operations Division, and in July 1954 assumed duty as Assistant Director