sumably for something like 30 or 40 minutes, after which the different Senators would have a chance to ask questions.

And on the first time around, with no limitation on their total time, we agreed that after 15 minutes we would pass to the next Senator; that is, for the first time around. But I want to make it clear that every Senator will have unlimited time to question all witnesses as far and as much as he may wish, as will the chief counsel in the preparation and discharge of his special duties.

General, again I emphasize that we are glad to have you here. Some of your proposed speeches and some of the deletions therefrom were in the original discussions during the hearing which led to the passing of the resolution that provided for these hearings.

For that reason, and without any particular consultation with you in advance, we wrote you and asked you to be prepared to testify and you responded and you are here today. We are glad to have you, General.

General TRUDEAU. Thank you, sir.

TRUDEAU BIOGRAPHY

Senator STENNIS. Proceed in your own way. I do want the biography of the general to be put in the record at this time. General Trudeau is a lieutenant general and for some time has been in charge and still is in charge of research and development for the Army, a highly important and a very far-reaching program.

Mr. Reporter, his biography will appear in the record at this point. (The biography referred to is a follows:)

LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, U.S. ARMY

Arthur Gilbert Trudeau was born in Middlebury, Vt., July 5, 1902. He was graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1924 and commissioned a second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. Prior to World War II he served with various Engineer units of the Regular Army, National Guard, and organized Reserves. and on river and harbor duty.

In 1942 General Trudeau became the Chief of Staff of the Engineer Amphibian Command. After brief service in the Southwest Pacific in 1942, planning amphibious operations, he returned to the United States to organize and command the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade, then served as Deputy and later Director of Military Training, Army Service Forces. He was promoted to the grade of brigadier general in 1944.

After V-E Day General Trudeau returned to the Pacific, as G-3, AFWESPAC. and later commanded Base X, Manila, for the support of planned assaults on Japan.

În 1946 he returned to Washington as Chief, Manpower Control Group, general staff. In 1950, after commanding the 1st Constabulary Brigade in Germany for 2 years, he served as the first Deputy Commandant of the reactivated Army War College.

During the Korean war, General Trudeau served in Japan as commanding general, 1st Cavalry Division, and in Korea as commanding general, 7th Infantry Division. After the armistice he was returned to Washington as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. In 1955 he returned to the Far East as Deputy Chief of Staff, Far East and United Nations Command. One year later he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned command of the I Corps (Group) in Korea. On April 1, 1958, he assumed his present post of Chief of research and development, Department of the Army.

In addition to a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy, General Trudeau holds an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California and honorary degrees of LL.D. from Seattle University, Middleburg College, and the University of Michigan and Eng. D. from Manhattan College.

Among his U.S. decorations are the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Legion of Merit, the

decorations include the award of Cordon of Ethiopia (Honor Star Order), Commander of the Order of Leopold II (Belgium), Grand Officer of the Order of Boyaca (Republic of Columbia), the Order of the Rising Sun, 3d Class (Japan), the Distinguished Military Service Medal (Taeguk) with Silver Star (Korea), and Knight Commander of the Order of the Sword (Sweden).

TESTIMONY OF LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, U.S. ARMY, CHIEF OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY; ACCOMPANIED BY LT. COL. FREDERICK A. SMITH, JR., T. & I.

TRUDEAU STATEMENT

General TRUDEAU. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I am Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army. I am responsible for the direction. of a program that expends more than $1 billion a year of the taxpayers' money-over a tenth of the entire Army budget. One-fourth of this tremendous sum is earmarked for research and development actually performed within 35 installations or activities of the Army. The remaining three-fourths of this appropriation is contracted for research and development performed by over 550 other Federal agencies, industrial firms, universities, and nonprofit institutions across the length and breadth of this mighty Nation.

Senator STENNIS. General, excuse me just a minute. I overlooked a matter here. If you will stand, please, and be sworn. In keeping with the custom of the subcommittee, all the way through we ask that all witnesses be sworn.

Do you solemnly swear that your testimony before this subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?

General TRUDEAU. I do.

Senator STENNIS. Have a seat..

Thank you.

General TRUDEAU. Shall I repeat the initial paragraph?

Senator STENNIS. Oh, no.

General TRUDEAU. There are over 400 projects, 1,500 tasks, and 2,600 investigations now underway in the Army's R. & D. program. R. & D., of course, means research and development, and the Army's projects, tasks, and investigations span the gamut from missiles to motors, from ammunition to aircraft.

Management of this complex and widely varied enterprise at a time of great revolutionary change in science and technology demands that Army R. & D. maintain the closest relations, not only with American industry and American science, but with the American people, upon whose active support and awareness of current dangers largely depend our national survival and the success of our defense efforts. To a remarkable degree, one of the most effective ways of telling the Army R. & D. story, explaining what we want and why we need it, is through an extensive public and industrial information program, including public presentations and addresses. At present, these efforts involve not only myself but assistants in my office and in the Army's seven technical services. It is the anomaly of our times that in the midst of the most advanced communications media in history our greatest problems still involve better communication between man and his fellow man.

sumably for something like 30 or 40 minutes, after which the different Senators would have a chance to ask questions.

And on the first time around, with no limitation on their total time, we agreed that after 15 minutes we would pass to the next Senator; that is, for the first time around. But I want to make it clear that every Senator will have unlimited time to question all witnesses as far and as much as he may wish, as will the chief counsel in the preparation and discharge of his special duties.

General, again I emphasize that we are glad to have you here. Some of your proposed speeches and some of the deletions therefrom were in the original discussions during the hearing which led to the passing of the resolution that provided for these hearings.

For that reason, and without any particular consultation with you in advance, we wrote you and asked you to be prepared to testify and you responded and you are here today. We are glad to have you, General.

General TRUDEAU. Thank you, sir.

TRUDEAU BIOGRAPHY

Senator STENNIS. Proceed in your own way. I do want the biography of the general to be put in the record at this time. General Trudeau is a lieutenant general and for some time has been in charge and still is in charge of research and development for the Army, a highly important and a very far-reaching program.

Mr. Reporter, his biography will appear in the record at this point. (The biography referred to is a follows:)

LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, U.S. ARMY

Arthur Gilbert Trudeau was born in Middlebury, Vt., July 5, 1902. He was graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1924 and commissioned a second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. Prior to World War II he served with various Engineer units of the Regular Army, National Guard, and organized Reserves. and on river and harbor duty.

In 1942 General Trudeau became the Chief of Staff of the Engineer Amphibian Command. After brief service in the Southwest Pacific in 1942, planning amphibious operations, he returned to the United States to organize and command the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade, then served as Deputy and later Director of Military Training, Army Service Forces. He was promoted to the grade of brigadier general in 1944.

After V-E Day General Trudeau returned to the Pacific, as G-3, AFWESPAC, and later commanded Base X, Manila, for the support of planned assaults on Japan.

În 1946 he returned to Washington as Chief, Manpower Control Group, general staff. In 1950, after commanding the 1st Constabulary Brigade in Germany for 2 years, he served as the first Deputy Commandant of the reactivated Army War College.

During the Korean war, General Trudeau served in Japan as commanding general, 1st Cavalry Division, and in Korea as commanding general, 7th Infantry Division. After the armistice he was returned to Washington as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. In 1955 he returned to the Far East as Deputy Chief of Staff, Far East and United Nations Command. One year later he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned command of the I Corps (Group) in Korea. On April 1, 1958, he assumed his present post of Chief of research and development, Department of the Army.

In addition to a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy, General Trudeau holds an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California and honorary degrees of LL.D. from Seattle University, Middleburg College, and the University of Michigan and Eng. D. from Manhattan College.

Among his U.S. decorations are the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Legion of Merit, the

decorations include the award of Cordon of Ethiopia (Honor Star Order), Commander of the Order of Leopold II (Belgium), Grand Officer of the Order of Boyaca (Republic of Columbia), the Order of the Rising Sun, 3d Class (Japan), the Distinguished Military Service Medal (Taeguk) with Silver Star (Korea), and Knight Commander of the Order of the Sword (Sweden).

TESTIMONY OF LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, U.S. ARMY, CHIEF OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY; ACCOMPANIED BY LT. COL. FREDERICK A. SMITH, JR., T. & I.

TRUDEAU STATEMENT

General TRUDEAU. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I am Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army. I am responsible for the direction of a program that expends more than $1 billion a year of the taxpayers' money-over a tenth of the entire Army budget. One-fourth of this tremendous sum is earmarked for research and development actually performed within 35 installations or activities of the Army. The remaining three-fourths of this appropriation is contracted for research and development performed by over 550 other Federal agencies, industrial firms, universities, and nonprofit institutions across the length and breadth of this mighty Nation.

Senator STENNIS. General, excuse me just a minute. I overlooked a matter here. If you will stand, please, and be sworn. In keeping with the custom of the subcommittee, all the way through we ask that all witnesses be sworn.

Do you solemnly swear that your testimony before this subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?

General TRUDEAU. I do.

Senator STENNIS. Have a seat.

Thank you.

General TRUDEAU. Shall I repeat the initial paragraph?

Senator STENNIS. Oh, no.

General TRUDEAU. There are over 400 projects, 1,500 tasks, and 2,600 investigations now underway in the Army's R. & D. program. R. & D., of course, means research and development, and the Army's projects, tasks, and investigations span the gamut from missiles to motors, from ammunition to aircraft."

Management of this complex and widely varied enterprise at a time of great revolutionary change in science and technology demands that Army R. & D. maintain the closest relations, not only with American industry and American science, but with the American people, upon whose active support and awareness of current dangers largely depend our national survival and the success of our defense efforts. To a remarkable degree, one of the most effective ways of telling the Army R. & D. story, explaining what we want and why we need it, is through an extensive public and industrial information program, including public presentations and addresses. At present, these efforts involve not only myself but assistants in my office and in the Army's seven technical services. It is the anomaly of our times that in the midst of the most advanced communications media in history our greatest problems still involve better communication between man and his fellow man.

In supporting this Army public information program we are meeting our obligation to advance the Army's R. & D. program and improve the national image of our Army, which is a vital part of our national security effort, and, in my opinion, a key to our hope for the future. At a time when the horrible maelstrom of world communism-now engulfing large segments of the world's population— seeks to suck our Nation and the rest of the free world into the vortex of death and destruction, I would be faithless to my trust and recreant in my duty if I did not speak out.

My personal experiences against the Communists, on the battlefields of Korea and during my assignment as Chief of Army Intelligence, have given me a knowledge and awareness of the insidious and vicious threat of world communism cloaked in the garments of Russian imperialism that, while not unique, may be considered exceptionally comprehensive. These dangers lie within our borders as well as beyond our national boundaries, as Mr. J. Edgar Hoover and others have so clearly shown. We must "know our enemy" if we are to defeat his challenge. There can be no determination to resist disaster if we are unaware, and hence unprepared, to resist it.

My public appearances, as any examination of the record will show, have all been for the purpose of enlightening the public mind, both military and civilian, regarding Army R. & D. To do this, it has been necessary to say, in part, why we must be strong militarily, and spiritually, to arm for the future. It is necessary to remind ourselves of the struggle of our forefathers from time to time. We are so proud of our heritage that we get careless of our destiny.

You Senators clearly understand that we, as a nation, face the greatest threat of our times in the multifaceted challenge of world communism. Not all of our people do. Telling them the facts of the situation is part of the story of explaining why it is necessary to spend billions of their dollars for defense of their own freedom and liberty, and why we must be determined to defend those things we hold dear, with our very lives if necessary.

As the President has said:

Our way of life is under attack. Those who make themselves our enemy are advancing around the globe. The survival of our friends is in danger * no war ever posed a greater threat to our security.

In all my public addresses I have supported the national policy. I have also followed guidance from my superiors and the dictates of my conscience in the preparation of those remarks. There is no directive, to my knowledge, prohibiting members of the Defense Establishment from speaking out clearly and forthrightly against communism or challenging our people to stand fast on those great principles that are the keystone in the arch of American policy and freedom of men everywhere.

My speeches have all been submitted through established channels to the Department of Defense for policy review. I know the record will show that many of my speeches have been amended. The amendments in my speeches, however, even though substantial in number, have not prevented me from getting across my basic message. Some changes were of a mandatory nature; some were suggestive in nature;