that have been sent to the services starting with General Marshall's initial directive in 1951.

Senator THURMOND. Are you aware that during the visits of the staff members of this subcommittee to military posts, a wide variety of publications like the "Overseas Weekly" were found on sale in posts and base exchanges?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir. I learned today of the observations of your committee staff, and I would be very happy to have their views and the instances that they found in order that we in turn can put it back through our system for corrective action where it is indicated.

Senator THURMOND. Now, it ought not to be necessary for congressional committees to have to go around and inspect those things. Don't you have somebody in the Defense Establishment that has a responsibility for them? Is the commander of his station responsible? Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir; he is.

Senator THURMOND. Then why don't you hold him responsible? Why don't you take some steps about it when he permits it? Have you taken any steps concerning any commander about it?

Mr. RUNGE. I have taken no such action.

Senator THURMOND. Well, has it been called to their attention that these things have been found?

Mr. RUNGE. Where they have been found, I think corrective action has been taken within the services. To my knowledge out of the Office of the Secretary of Defense we have not taken such action.

DOD MEMORANDUM ON CONTROL OF UNDESIRABLE READING MATERIAL

Senator THURMOND. Now, do you feel that your memo of January 24, 1962, will accomplish the elimination of undesirable materials? Mr. RUNGE. I believe, Senator, that it will help.

Senator THURMOND. Well, is it worth your looking into to see that hereafter this salacious material and other undesirable reading matter for these young people should not be made accessible to them on military installations?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Will you look into it and take some steps along that line?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, I will; and, as I indicated earlier, I have asked through the chaplains' channels for a report of actions taken against the January 24 memorandum.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTION IN CASE OF OVERSEAS WEEKLY

Senator THURMOND. I believe you said you were going to investigate, at the request of Senator Smith or one of the Senators, the Overseas Weekly, to see what was done about that.

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Who has the power to say that the Overseas Weekly shall not be distributed by our Defense Establishment? It is being distributed by our Defense Establishment, isn't it?

Senator THURMOND. And they are getting paid for it, so much to do it, aren't they?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Well, who has the power to discontinue that and take it off the stands on military installations if they find it is undesirable?

Mr. RUNGE. The commanding general, U.S. Army, Europe, who has the delegated authority to run the Stars and Stripes distribution operation.

Senator THURMOND. Who is he?

Mr. RUNGE. General Bruce Clarke.

Senator THURMOND. Well, have you talked to him about it now or taken it up with him?

Mr. RUNGE. No, sir, I have not.

Senator THURMOND. Well, do you plan to?

Mr. RUNGE. As I indicated to Senator Saltonstall, we will take steps to resolve the issue of the problems.

Senator THURMOND. And if he recommends that it be removed, then will you approve removing it?

Mr. RUNGE. Senator, I wish that you wouldn't ask me to commit myself on an action until the matter comes to my attention.

Senator THURMOND. Well, I don't want to ask you to commit yourself if you haven't looked into it well enough to do it. Who could overrule you if you decided it should be removed?

Mr. RUNGE. Well, if I may follow that chain of

Senator THURMOND. Except the Secretary of Defense and Under Secretary of Defense?

Mr. RUNGE. No one.

Senator THURMOND. So those are the only two people, then, who could overrule you.

Mr. RUNGE. But may I say that the responsibility is in the commander, who is General Clarke in Europe. He is turn is responsible because he has been delegated this authority by General Norstad who is commanding all forces in Europe.

Senator THURMOND. Has General Clarke ever made a recommendation about this magazine?

Mr. RUNGE. I do not know.

Senator THURMOND. Would you look into that, and if he has, supply it for the record?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir. We will make that a part of the other response.

Senator THURMOND. Some years ago there was a general who recommended it. Are you familiar with that?

Mr. RUNGE. I am generally acquainted with that; yes.
Senator THURMOND. Who was that general?

Mr. RUNGE. I am not sure that I recall.

I can

Senator THURMOND. And do you know who stopped his action, his recommendation on that occasion?

Mr. RUNGE. I understand that the recommendation was made by the commanding general in Europe and that the then Secretary of

VOLUME OF COLD WAR ARTICLES IN PRESS SERVICE WEEKLIES

Senator THURMOND. Now, Mr. Secretary, on the releases dealing with communism and the cold war, cold war issues, contained in the Armed Forces press service weeklies in 1961, in looking over this list I observed that in January 1961 there were only two articles. In February there was only one. In March only one. In April only In May only one. In June, none. In July, one. In August, two. Making a total of only eight there for a period of 8 months, the average of about one a month.

one.

Now, then, beginning in September, though, they jumped up tremendously and in September you had 6 and in October you had 7 or 8 and in November you had 9 or 10.

The last 4 months in all, you have 32. How do you account for

that?

Mr. RUNGE. Senator, I cannot account for it as such. Mr. Katzenbach may be able to comment on this matter but I cannot make— Senator STENNIS. All right, Mr. Katzenbach, will you comment on

it?

Mr. KATZENBACH. I have no comment on it, sir, other than what I said this morning.

Senator STENNIS. All right.

Next question.

INTELLIGENCE DATA ON PERSONNEL APPREHENDED BY COMMUNISTS

Senator THURMOND. Now, Mr. Secretary, speaking about these 227 Department of Defense personnel who fell into Communist hands since 1954, could you tell us how they got into Communists hands?

Mr. RUNGE. No, Senator, I cannot. I indicated to counsel earlier that the information which was submitted to you today I saw for the first time this afternoon and I am not in a position to comment on how or what the situation is at the moment.

Senator STENNIS. Well, the letter states that it is based on information from the Defense Intelligence Agency. That speaks for itself. The Defense Intelligence Agency furnished the information.

Senator THURMOND. They got the information up. You don't know the facts about the cases.

Mr. RUNGE. No, sir, I do not.

Senator THURMOND. Well, can you get us the facts about the cases? Mr. RUNGE. Senator Thurmond, we will take this matter up with the Defense Intelligence Agency and advise you as to what information we can get.

Senator THURMOND. If you get the facts about these cases, how they got into the hands of the Communists and what steps are being taken in each case now, what is being done to get those people back, can you give us that information?

Mr. RUNGE. To the extent that such information may be available. Senator THURMOND. To the extent it is available. What do you nean by that?

Mr. RUNGE. Well, in other words, if soldier X has simply fallen into the hands of either the Chinese or the Soviets and there is no

Senator THURMOND. I can understand that. Just furnish us all the information you have on it, if you will.

Senator STENNIS. I do not understand that the Secretary is promising now to give this information to the subcommittee. I would think that probably a great deal of that would be classified. You certainly have a reservation in mind if it is classified, do you not?

Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir.

Senator STENNIS. All right.

Mr. RUNGE. Certainly.

Senator STENNIS. I think it will protect the men better to keep the details classified.

Senator THURMOND. Mr. Secretary, I am entitled to handle top secret material. If there is no objection I would like to help you get the information.

Senator STENNIS. I would be glad for you to have it, Senator. I was talking about information for the record. All right. Senator THURMOND. That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Senator STENNIS. Thank you very much.

Gentlemen, we thank you very much for coming to testify, and, with the thanks of the subcommittee you are now excused. We are going to call Mr. Broger. You don't have to leave the room, of course, because you may want to hear Mr. Broger.

Mr. Broger, will you come to the table, please?

Mr. Broger, will you stand and be sworn, please?

Do you solemnly swear that your testimony in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Mr. BROGER. I do.

TESTIMONY OF JOHN C. BROGER, DIRECTOR OF THE DIRECTORATE FOR ARMED FORCES INFORMATION AND EDUCATION, OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (MANPOWER)

BROGER BIOGRAPHY

Senator STENNIS. All right, sir, have a seat.

We have a biographical sketch of Mr. Broger, members of the subcommittee. I will put this in the record at this point, and I hope each of you has one before you. I think you did have this morning. (The biographical sketch of Mr. Broger is as follows:)

JOHN C. BROGER, DIRECTOR FOR ARMED FORCES INFORMATION AND EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

John Christian Broger was born in Nashville, Tenn., on October 30, 1913. He attended the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1934, Southern California College from 1936 to 1939, and Texas A. & M. in 1942.

He has been Director for Armed Forces Information and Education in the Department of Defense since 1961. From 1956 to 1961, he was Deputy Director of this Office and prior to that served as consultant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Psychological Warfare from 1954 to 1956. Also since 1956 to the present he has been vice chairman of the Armed Services Committee of the President's People-to-People program. From 1945 to 1959, he was president of the Far East Broadcasting Co. in the USA and the Philippines.

From 1942 through 1945, Mr. Broger was an electronics officer in the U.S. Navy. During the first part of World War II, he wrote and/or edited 38 text

flew with a night torpedo squadron in the Pacific with Task Force 38. He received a Presidential unit citation and three battle stars. Since 1950, he has been a Reserve officer, naval intelligence.

He resided in China in 1946, the Philippines in 1948 and 1949 and from 1950 through 1953 lived and traveled in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe surveying Communist techniques and activities. Prior to entering the Department of Defense, he lectured in the United States, China, the Philippines, and Greece, and worked closely with Philippine and United States Government agencies in antiHukbalahap activities in Filipino and other anti-Communist programs in Asia and Greece. Also he has been visiting lecturer at the National War College, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Army War College, Air War College, Marine Corps Senior School, Armed Forces Staff College, Air Command and Staff College, the Military Assistance Institute, Harvard Business School, and various civic, educational and private organizations.

Mr. Broger was a founder of the nonprofit, noncommercial Far East Broadcasting Co. in 1945 which operates 15 medium and shortwave transmitters in the Philippines, Taiwan, Okinawa, and California, broadcasting over 800 program hours weekly, 20 hours per day to all Asia, Russia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, in 37 languages and dialects.

He received the AMVETS annual Americanism Award in 1956 and a Freedoms Foundation award in 1958. In 1956, the Department of Defense received jointly with International Christian Leadership the Top Freedoms Foundation Award for the Militant Liberty Concept which Mr. Broger authored. Concern

ing this concept, Secretary Wilson wrote in 1955: "It is essential that members of our Armed Forces thoroughly understand and support the principles upon which our Nation is founded. The rights endowed by our Creator place upon each of us commensurate responsibilities to dedicate ourselves to the preservation of these principles and our American way of life.

"The Militant Liberty Concept ** * analyzes and contrasts the basic conflict between communism and the free world as it affects the individual; provides a means of measuring the trends toward individual liberty or authoritarianism in any given area; and sets forth basic principles and ideals of liberty toward which people should strive if individual liberty is to be the goal of achievement. "The principles of the Militant Liberty Concept in conjunction with the recently promulgated code of conduct provide unified and purposeful guiding precepts for all members of the Armed Forces and the Department of Defense."

BROGER STATEMENT

Senator STENNIS. Mr. Broger, you have a prepared statement, is that correct?

Mr. BROGER. Yes, Mr. Chairman.

Senator STENNIS. All right. You may read it, please.

Mr. BROGER. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am John C. Broger, Director of the Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower).

I was appointed to this position on August 3, 1961, after having served as Deputy Director since September 4, 1956. Prior to that from May of 1954, I was a full-time consultant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on psychological operations including objectives, tasks, and themes to be employed by the Department of Defense in support of national objectives. Presently, I am a Reserve officer in Naval Intelligence.