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الصفحة 389
the trade routes , which crossed the kingdom . Since the mid - nineteenth century
, farming groundnuts had became a good source of income for chiefs , military
and religious leaders , merchants and common people . This generated a '
hunger ...
the trade routes , which crossed the kingdom . Since the mid - nineteenth century
, farming groundnuts had became a good source of income for chiefs , military
and religious leaders , merchants and common people . This generated a '
hunger ...
الصفحة 392
As Mbodji ( 1992 ) has shown , the expansion of European commercial interests
in the Eastern Gambia from the mid - nineteenth century onwards seriously
affected the jula families and by the 1970s had reduced most of them to the
position of ...
As Mbodji ( 1992 ) has shown , the expansion of European commercial interests
in the Eastern Gambia from the mid - nineteenth century onwards seriously
affected the jula families and by the 1970s had reduced most of them to the
position of ...
الصفحة 458
fact that Luso - African communities slowly slipped into economic and political
decline at the start of the century . Though many Luso - Africans continued to
prosper as middleman traders , they were forced to contend with new challenges
.
fact that Luso - African communities slowly slipped into economic and political
decline at the start of the century . Though many Luso - Africans continued to
prosper as middleman traders , they were forced to contend with new challenges
.
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
activities administration African areas associated became British British Somaliland century chapter chief Christian claims clan clients Club colonial conservation context continued created cultivation cultural dance discussion district economic elite established Ethiopia ethnic European example farmers farming force forms Gambia groups gurna hosts household identity important increased individuals Institute interests International Kenya Kipsigis labour land language live London lycée Maasai major means nature Nigerian officials Ogoni organisation particular pastoralists performance period political population position practices present Press production recent reference region relations Report represent residents result role rural shows smiths social society Somali Somaliland southern structure Tanzania town trade traditional Tupuri University Press village West Western women youth
معلومات المراجع
| العنوان | Africa, المجلد 74،الأعداد 3-4 |
| المساهمون | Diedrich Westermann, Edwin William Smith, Cyril Daryll Forde, International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, International African Institute |
| الناشر | Oxford University Press, 2004 |
| أصلي من | جامعة ميتشيغان |
| الكتب ذات التنسيق الرقمي | 8 تموز (يوليو) 2010 |
| تصدير الاقتباس | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |