external adjustment, but fly the missile to a predetermined target based upon impulse before launching. A system such as this is immune to enemy counteragents.

An example of this is the PERSHING and SERGEANT. There is a particular point in trajectory of ballistic missiles when both power and guidance cease. This point normally occurs within the first 5 to 20 percent of the trajectory. When this guidance ceases, the missile must have by then attained such a combination of position and velocity factor that the ballistic trajectory will carry it directly to the target. An error of just a few seconds of arc and direction or a few feet per second on the speed will result in a miss.

INERTIAL GUIDANCE

Now, this guided portion of a trajectory corresponds to the length of a gun barrel. The action of the inertial platform is to extend the length of the gunfire, constraining a missile to fly within close limits. as one would inside of a gun barrel but following this missile while it is in the area.

Accuracy of inertial guidance systems depend on ability of the gyroscopes to maintain stability and orientation of a platform inside the missile within a few seconds of arc and the ability of accelerometers mounted on the platform to read acceleration to have close accuracy.

A computer then integrates the output of the accelerometers to determine the velocity and distance as we moved from the launching site.

In the development of the advanced concepts of inertial guidance and in the evaluation of contractor performance, facilities are required to measure and calibrate the gyro and accelerometer performance to an accuracy as great as that required in the missiles.

This facility will result in a capability to conduct research to generate new guidance concepts and to influence current system developments. Current systems to be supported include PERSHING, LANCE, MAULER, NIKE X, SHILLELAGH and REDEYE. Senator STENNIS. Hold it just a minute. Continue.

Mr. MCDANIEL. Rapid strides have been made in the ballistic missiles in the past few years and the technology has outdistanced the facilities which are available to the Army to conduct its research. I have here three, or, rather, two gyros, or gyroscopes, and one accelerometer I brought along. This is the one used on SHILLELAGH that cost $3,000.

Senator STENNIS. Used on what?

COST OF COMPONENTS

Mr. MCDANIEL. SHILLELAGH, and that is a gyro for $3,000 and here is an accelerometer for $5,000, so here is $11,000 worth of components for guided missiles. These are the components I am speaking of supporting now.

Now, the cost here is due to, in a great part, to the accuracy required to produce these and, as you may understand from these very precise instruments, an environment, closely controlled environment of temperature, humidity, dust and seismic isolation is required.

In the two buildings which we have, we have temperature controls of plus or minus 5° and we require plus or minus 1° Fahrenheit. The humidity control is 15 to 60 percent relative humidity and we require 2 percent relative humidity.

We

The dust particle size which is existing in the current facilities is 1 to 200 microns. A micron is one-thousandth of a millimeter. require 1 to 20 microns.

Seismic isolation required to check out this type instrumentation is .00001g and current facilities available are .001g and they are two orders of magnitude too poor.

Also, the current facilities existing in modified warehouses have inadequate power distribution and totally inadequate seismic isolation. There is a seven and a half mile separation between the two parts of the laboratory. There is inadequate space, which requires up to 2 hours for teardown and setup of instruments for different procedures.

CENTER FOR INERTIAL TECHNOLOGY

Also, during the year we have received a new mission at the Army at Redstone, which is the armywide Center for Inertial Technology and this Center was established based on the Department of Defense study from which the Secretary of Defense directed such action.

I would like to read two or three notes from that.

He directed that plan be established for one or two centers of inertial guidance activities in an effort to supplement the MIT laboratory, to establish a classified symposium on inertial guidance to insure cross-fertilization and free exchange of ideas between Army, Navy, and Air Force NASA contractors.

Instructions were received from the Chief of Research and Development to gradually increase the in-house competence for inertial guidance technology and a guidance institute located at the Army Missile Command to supplement the Army Instrumentation Laboratory. The functions of this Laboratory should be:

(1) To help industry in evaluating problems.

(2) To evaluate contractor R. & D. work in inertial and other guidance systems.

(3) To provide a design capability in event of national emergency. (4) To provide central monitorship of all Army inertial guidance research and development, including missiles, aircraft, land navigation, and other applications.

In summary, Mr. Chairman, I can say that the technology in inertial guidance control has advanced at such a rate that a facility of this type is required if we are to stay in the business.

Thank you, sir.

PERSHING PROJECT

I

Senator STENNIS. I am sure that is a very fine presentation. understood the points you made. I am glad to have all of them in the record. As I understand, now, you have additional developments that go with the PERSHING. I have been hearing of the PERSHING missile for several years, I know. And as I understand you have advanced developments there that will make it more accurate; is that correct?

Mr. MCDANIEL. This is right for the PERSHING, particularly the guidance concept for follow on missiles, particularly nonatomic

types. A nonatomic type warhead or a missile with a nonatomic warhead requires greater accuracy of course to gain effectiveness.

Also, one of the principal points that we are trying to emphasize is the reduction in the cost of these items. This $3,000 gyro here ought to be obtained for less than $500.

Senator STENNIS. Who made it? Was it made in a laboratory, a Government laboratory, or was it private interests?

Mr. MCDANIEL. This gyroscope was made by Clary Gyroscope, and this one was made by Bendix. This is analytical engineering, a concept laboratory. It would also be used to check the performance of the contractor. We feel it is pretty essential, as indicated here, that the output of the contractor effort be checked by the Government in-house capability.

INCREASED COST OF MISSILES

Senator STENNIS. I am just concerned about the continuing rise in cost. These are highly expensive missiles. We have so many of them so near alike with just a little difference.

Mr. MCDANIEL. I agree, sir, I think facilities such as this can result in a decrease in cost.

Senator STENNIS. Yes. I was going to say if this is a project that will give you a better gage of the thing, please build it. However, I have decided that something has to happen to cut down on the soaring cost of these tremendous programs.

Mr. MCDANIEL. I think, sir, some adequate facilities would be a major step toward achieving this goal.

You have to control it and it is so complex that the control requires some pretty precise instruments, pretty precise facilities and highly trained people. Now, we have the people for this, sir.

Senator STENNIS. I will tell you, this is serious. The committee deletes an item with reference to a missile or a weapon and there comes a barrage of telegrams from all over this country as far down as the factories that make that particular product. Naturally, they want these weapons of all kinds and, as I said, $9.6 billion that we are spending now that we do not have. Yet we are asking for an increase in salaries and reduction in taxes. However, if you have a project here now that is going to put a little more accurate measuring rod on these items and reduce the cost, I am for it. You say you thought you could reduce the cost of this product from $3,000 to $500? Mr. MCDANIEL. To less than $500, yes, sir.

Senator STENNIS. And you are going to do it from checking on these matters in the laboratory, is that right?

EFFORT TO REDUCE COSTS

Mr. MCDANIEL. Not checking this item but with trained engineers working in the field with inertial components. The only objective would be to have more rugged, reliable, and cheaper components. There is no profit motive in our laboratory, so your objective is pretty simple. I am confident that with this facility we can effect reduction in cost.

Senator STENNIS. You are with the Army.

Mr. MCDANIEL. I am with the Army, yes, sir, the Technical Director of Research and Development, Army Missile Command. All the laboratories work with me.

Senator STENNIS. You want facilities here that will enable you to check on these items for accuracy and also to go toward the idea of reducing cost?

Mr. MCDANIEL. Yes, sir, to carry out research and come up with new concepts rather than just checking this, to come up with new concepts that would reflect reduced costs. This would be the principal aim of the group.

Senator STENNIS. What about all of these other weapons that are similar to the PERSHING or within that general field-the Navy, the Air Force-are they in on this project? Do they have a similar one?

SIMILAR SERVICE FACILITIES

Mr. MCDANIEL. Yes, sir; the letter indicated that this facility would supplement the work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instrumentation Laboratory, which is a Navy facility. The Air Force has facilities at Holloman Air Force Base, pretty well geographically distributed facilities.

Also, in many respects the uniqueness of the Army problem requires that concern be given to the Army application.

For example, the POLARIS which is fired from a fairly wellcontrolled environment with a submarine and the ATLAS within a fairly well controlled environment of a silo. The Army requires instruments that can engage in combat anywhere in the world and throughout those environments under rugged conditions and of necessity they have to be simpler.

Senator STENNIS. I am satisfied that something has to be done along the lines of reducing the number of weapons as well as the cost of the individual weapons. It is hard to say no to a project like yours. Mr. MCDANIEL. I think, sir, this amount of money will yield, I believe, a lot of benefit to the defense effort both in having more reliable weapons systems and decreased cost of weapons systems. Senator STENNIS. Thank you very much.

Unless there is something else, we will continue.
Proceed.

PROPELLANT MIXING FACILITY-REDSTONE

Major General SHULER. The next item is on page 212, still at Redstone Arsenal and it would provide a propellant mixing facility and this facility will provide a flexible capability for mixing the various quantities of propellant required and under safe conditions. The finished propellant cost is between $4 and $10 a pound. A conservative estimate of 2,000 pounds of propellant is wasted under the present conditions and this of course represents a substantial loss we are now incurring.

This is solid propellant for use in the rockets. The new mixer building will be occupied by personnel in preparation for mixer operations only. During the actual mixing the personnel will retire to a control bunker and operate the mixers by remote control.

You will note on page 212, sir, we make the statement we had a pressure burst during mixer operations in July of 1961, and this, of

course, made us very safety conscious on this project and this will alleviate such condition in the future.

Senator STENNIS. Which missiles are involved here?

Mr. VAN KUREN. This facility is for all of our solid propellant missiles.

Senator STENNIS. It is all the small ones that the Army uses.

Mr. VAN KUREN. Yes. The SERGEANT, for example, is a solid propellant. They are doing general research work in solid propellants in support of all of our missions.

EXPANSION OF UTILITIES

Major General SHULER. The next item is on page 213, sir, at Redstone Arsenal, and this is the last item at this station and is for the expansion of utilities.

The resurfacing of a 21⁄2-mile section of one of the main access roads is also requested. This road is presently single surface treated. The volume of traffic now handled will cause failure of the road base if adequate surface is not provided.

Senator STENNIS. What page?

Major General SHULER. 213.

In other words, we are going to ruin the base of the road if we don't provide an adequate surface pretty soon. There is also a requirement to provide an increased capacity in both the primary substation, and in the transmission line. The system has grown to such complexity that it is necessary to incorporate a supervisory control system to provide faster load dispatching, faster service, uninterrupted power and get the line back into use as fast as we can because we have all of these complex facilities operating from this power. This is to correct these conditions in the utilities, and also includes this road, sir. Senator STENNIS. All right. Proceed.

ARMY CHEMICAL CENTER

Major General SHULER. The next station is the Army Chemical Center on page 215. The first item is on page 216.

This is for an explosives processing plant of 1,716 square feet. The need for this facility has existed for several years but it has now been intensified with the emphasis placed on agent munitions system by the Department of Defense.

Explosives, of course, are a primary means of disseminating toxic and other agents and the present facilities have been operated under a safety waiver granted by the Armed Services Explosives Safety Board as long as we use it only for white phosphorus experimental conditions. However, no waiver will be granted to handle the explosive charges in conjunction with a chemical agent, so we cannot continue to operate under this waiver any longer.

To do this mission we have to have this processing plant for processing the explosives used to fire our toxic chemical munitions.

It is only $90,000.

Senator STENNIS. All right, your next item?