The French sentence Pierre to death as an arsonist, but he is reprieved and kept prisoner. Andrei dies in Natasha's arms. Books XIII and XIV deal mainly with Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. Although reprieved from death, Pierre is forced to remain with the French Army and the retreat is viewed through his eyes. Kutuzov believes that the French Army is mortally wounded and decides to avoid pitched battles, and needless sacrifice of Russian life. He continues to harrass the French with guerrilla attacks. (Note the similarity to the Soviet tactics of World War II.)

G. Book XV (1812-13) ties up the various loose ends of the novel. The last French troops leave Russian territory. Kutuzov is publicly honored by the Tsar, then is relieved of command. The Tsar is displeased with the old general's tactics and slowness of movement. Pierre is no longer the dreamer; he has become a man of action and courage. He returns to Moscow, calls upon Natasha and reveals his love for her.

H. The Epilogue (1813-1820) concludes the novel. Natasha and Pierre are wed, as are Nickolai and Princess Mary. The family estates are restored, children are born, and life, somewhat changed by the tremendous events, gradually resumes. The world must go on.

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Other Books on the Napoleonic Period

The publishers listed in this Reader's Guide may not be the only publishers of titles mentioned herein. They are the only ones known to us at present. Publishers' names are included to assist the interested reader in obtaining titles from other sources, if they are not available in libraries.

A. Nonfiction

1. Aldington, Richard, The Duke: A Life of Wellington (Garden City Publishing Company, 1943).

2. Herold, J. Christopher, The Age of Napoleon (Harper & Row, 1963).

3. Liddell-Hart, B. E., editor, The Letters of Private Wheeler (Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1952). The "home letters" of a private in Wellington's army; a useful comparison with the experiences of the fictional "Rifleman Dodd."

4. Segur, Philippe Paul de, Napoleon's Russian Campaign (Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1958). An interesting contrast to Tolstoy's fictional treatment of the great campaign.

5. Thomason, John W., Jr., editor, Adventures of General Marbot (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935). One of the best military memoirs ever written, by a trooper who rose from private to lieutenant-general in the French Army.

B. Fiction

1. Costain, Thomas, Ride with Me (Pocket Book, Perma edition M 7505). A novel loosely based on the life of General "Riding Bobby" Wilson, a British cavalry leader.

2. Forester, C. S., The Gun (Little, Brown & Company, 1933; Bantam Book paperback). Another fine novel about the travels of a Spanish cannon, fallen into guerilla hands and used in many unorthodox ways against Napoleon's armies.

3. Johnson, David, The Proud Canaries (William Sloan Associates, 1959). A novel of Napoleon's cavalry.

II

Novels of 19th Century European Wars

With the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, the "Legitimate" rulers of Europe heaved a collective sigh of relief and restored the equilibrium he had disturbed. First they imposed the old Bourbon monarchy on France and tore apart the "empire" Napoleon had erected with so much expenditure of blood and gunpowder. Louis XVIII, after years of exile, was only too happy to accept the old French frontier of 1792 in return for Allied support and protection. The Allies were lenient. The Treaty of Paris (1814) did not impose financial penalties on France in the form of indemnities or charge the defeated nation with the support of the Allied army of occupation. France was even awarded a few pieces of terrain to provide a more defensible frontier. No monarch who had survived the preceding 20 years of turmoil wished to gamble on the chance that the French would again oust the Bourbons. Napoleon, safely imprisoned on the Island of St. Helena, seemed to have little chance to escape.

The victorious powers assembled in Vienna in 1815 to redraw the map of Europe. They called it "the reconstruction of Europe," and they were, in the words of British Foreign Minister Castlereagh, anxious to "get the world back to peaceful habits." Under this humanitarian cloak, each power took back its lost territories and jockeyed to gain more at the expense of its former allies or of weaker states.

Austria had found the Netherlands too hard to defend. She allowed the French and Flemish-speaking provinces (Belgium) to join Holland under the rule of the House of Orange. In recompense, Austria took Venetia and Lombardy in northern Italy. The powers restored and guaranteed the independence of Switzerland, and like the Low Countries, it was to be a barrier against French

resurgency. Prussia took about two-fifths of the Kingdom of Saxony (whose ruler had remained loyal to Napoleon until after the Battle of Leipzig), Swedish Pomerania, Polish Posen, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia, and the Ruhr and Saar basins in the Rhineland. Russia kept Finland (taken from Sweden in 1808) and Bessarabia (taken from the Turks in 1812); it also took about three-fifths of the old Polish kingdom, which it set up as a satellite state within the Russian Empire. Sweden was recompensed for the loss of Finland by being permitted to keep Norway (taken from Denmark in 1814). The petty rulers of Italy recovered their

lost states, with Sardinia emerging as the strongest realm in the peninsula.

The German patriots, who had done so much to revive the pride and the nationalistic spirit which thwarted Napoleon, were not

allowed to create a truly national state in place of the defunct Holy Roman Empire or the Confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon's conquests reduced the hodgepodge of 300 petty principalities existing in 1789 to 38. But the new German Confederation lacked a federal army, a federal citizenship, and genuine parliamentary institutions. It could not become a serious threat to Prussia or Austria, the perennial rivals for leadership of the Germanspeaking peoples.

Britain kept the overseas steppingstones which linked her empire together: Malta, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Ceylon, and some West Indian islands taken from France and Holland.

The Bourbons seemed safely seated on the French throne. The Allies now felt able to impose an indemnity of 700 million francs and to extend the occupation period for an additional 5 years. Thus they punished France for rallying to Napoleon during the "Hundred Days" of 1815 which ended at Waterloo. Talleyrand, the astute French foreign minister, took advantage of rivalries among the power-hungry Allies and made a secret deal with Britain and Austria, thwarting Russian and Prussian ambitions. Through his adept diplomacy, France became a member of the family of legitimist nations and the balance of power was restored to its ancient equilibrium. Authorities consider this the greatest accomplishment of the Congress of Vienna: the power equilibrium thus restored was not upset for 100 years-until 1914-and European wars during that period were largely local affairs.

Tsar Alexander I proposed a vague "Holy Alliance" to establish a new international order based on the "principles of Christianity" rather than on traditional diplomacy. He followed it with the Treaty of the Quadruple Alliance (November 1815) designed to prevent France from disturbing Europe's tranquility, to keep the Bonapartes off the French throne, and to quell any revolutionary uprisings that might occur. The victorious powers supported conservatism and reaction wherever their established institutions were challenged by the rising tide of democracy-in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, and in their own domains. There was even some talk of aiding the King of Spain to recover his lost American colonies. Britain declined. She was the most influential nation in Latin America and not disposed to share its trade with other European nations.

Liberalism revived during the 20 years following the downfall of Napoleon, not only in Christian Europe but in the European