Bijdr. 889 and 890. Centratherum chinense, Less. in Linnæa (1829) 320. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7136. PENANG J. Scott; Curtis 931; King; Deschamps; MALACCA: Cuming; Griffith; Hullett 634. SINGAPORE: King.-DISTRIB. Malay Archipelago, Philippines. 3. VERNONIA CINEREA, Less. in Linnæa, IV. 291, and VI. 673. Herbaceous, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with more or less minute whitish pubescence everywhere; stems slender, striate. Leaves membranous with variable petioles, ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, the edges obtusely or acutely toothed, the base narrowed, both surfaces olivaceous-cinereous when dry, the upper glabrous or nearly so, the lower more or less cinereous-pubescent; length 1.5 to 3 in.; breadth 3 to 5 in.; petiole 1 to 5 in. (in the lower leaves). Heads 2 to 25 in. in diam., on 10- to 20-flowered, loose, terminal, long-peduncled, corymbose cymes with divaricate branches; bracts of peduncle very few. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate or almost awned, shorter than the florets, 1-nerved, 1 in. long, densely pubescent. Corolla pubescent, the tube very narrow lavender. Cypselas minute; pappus copious, dirty white, the outer row very short. DC. Prod. V. 24, in Wight Contrib. 6; Wall. Cat. 3008; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 234; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 11; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. V. conyzoides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 25. V. rhomboidea and V. montana, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 62. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 (in part); Wight Ic. 1076. V. abbreviata and leptophylla, DC. 1.c. 25. V. laxiflora, Less. in Linnæa, VI. 646; DC. 1.c. 25. V. physalifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 24. V. parviflora, linifolia, and fasciculata, Reinw. in Bl. Bijdr. 893. V. Zollingeriana, SchultzBip. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 16. V. cyanonioides, Walp. in Linnæa XIV. 509. Conyza abbreviata, Wall. Cat. 3048; C. bellidifolia, id. 3047; cinerascens, 3062; incana, 3046; linifolia, 3063; elegantula, 3049; ovata, 3097, and sub-simplex, 3003. C. cinerea, Linn. Sp. Pl. 862; Wall. Cat. 3008. C. prolifera and C. heterophylla, Lam. Encyl. II. 84. Serratula cinerea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 60. Chrysocoma purpurea, Forst. Prod. 54. C. violacea, Schum. Pl. Guin. 384. Cyanopis decurrens, Zoll. In all the provinces, in waste places near cultivation.-DISTRIB. All tropical countries. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Linn. Perennial rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, penninerved, entire or dentate, mostly radical. Heads homogamous, each containing 1 to 5 flowers, and collected into ovoid or globose clusters, surrounded by several large leafy bracts. Involucre-proper compressed, its component bracts oblong, acute, about 8, dry, stiff, unequal, alternately flat and conduplicate; receptacle naked. Flowers all equally 4-lobed, and cleft on one side, and with the lobes spreading in a somewhat palmate Anthers obtusely sagittate at the base. Style-arms subulate. Cypselas truncate, 10-ribbed; bristles of pappus few, rigid, shining, slender and dilated below or chaffy.-DISTRIB. 10 or 12 species, chiefly tropical American-one cosmopolitan. manner. ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER, Linn. Sp. Pl., 814. Stems dichotomous, from a few inches to 2 feet high, terete, finely strigose. Leaves membranous, the radical ones obovate, oblong to elliptic-oblong, tapering to the short petiole, the edges dentate or crenate, up to 6 in. in length and 1.25 to 2.5 in. broad; the cauline few, smaller, sessile, both sets scabrid on the upper surface and finely strigose on the lower; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs in the cauline, more numerous in the radical leaves, all slightly prominent on the lower surface. Collective heads hemispheric, 5 to 75 in. in diam., solitary, terminal, on long peduncles. Bracts of the conjoined heads 3, leaf-like, about 5 in. broad, broadly ovate or reniform, apiculate, nervose and pubescent behind; bracts of the involucre-proper shining, glabrous; pappus of 5 shining tuberculate bristles, dilated at the base. Wall. Cat. 2979; DC. Prod. V. 86; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 445; Don Prod. 169; Wight Ic. 1086; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 242; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. In all the provinces, in cultivated places.-DISTRIB. In most tropical countries. 3. ADENOSTEMMA, Forst. Herbs, glandular-pubescent or glabrous. Leaves mostly opposite, petiolate. Heads homogamous, in lax corymbose cymes; involucre campanulate; its bracts numerous, sub-2-seriate, narrow, herbaceous, sometimes connate; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all equal, tubular, regular, with short tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb. Anthers truncate, with glandular apiculus, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, dilated near the apex. Cypselas obtuse, 5-ribbed, glandular; pappus of 3 to 5 short rigid, often clavate hairs, joined at their bases by a narrow ring.-DISTRIB. Species 5 or 6 American, 1 cosmopolitan. ADENOSTEMMA VISCOSUM, Forst. Char. Gen. 20. An erect, rarely decumbent annual, slender or robust, glabrous; pubescent or viscidly pubescent. Leaves membranous, sessile or petiolate, opposite or the upper alternate, from linear to broadly ovate, acute sub-acute cuneate or cordate at the base, the edges serrate crenate or entire, the upper surface usually smooth but sometimes rugose; length from 2 to 6 in.; Petioles varying in length. Heads 3 to 4 in. in diam., in lax corymbose, pedunculate cymes. Involucral bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous, glandular or scabrid. Corollas white, pubescent near the mouth, styles much exserted, the arms clavate. Cypselas usually warted, crowned by a glandular ring, bearing pedicellate lobed glands. DC. Prod. V. 111; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 242; Prain Bengal Plants, 591. In all the provinces, but not abundant in any of them.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally. In the Flora of British India, III. 242, Sir Joseph Hooker recognises seven varieties of this widely distributed and variable species. And to one or other of these he reduces the following eleven species of De Candolle: A. fastigiatum, DC. Prod. V. 111, A. leiocarpum, A. Roylei, A. elatum, A. latifolium, l.c. p. 112, A. macrophyllum, A. parviflorum, A. reticulatum, A. viscosum, A. madurense, A. erectum, 1.c. p. 113. He also reduces here the following: Ageratum aquaticum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 415; A. strictum, Bot. Mag. t. 2410; Lavenia fastigiata, macrophylla and parviflora, Blume Bijdr. pp. 905 and 906; and the following Nos. of the Wallichian Catalogue, viz., Lavenia erecta, 3218; carnosa, 3219; alba, 3220; rugosa, 3221; viscida, 3222. 4. AGERATUM, Linn. Erect herbs. Leaves opposite in the lower part of the stem, alternate in the upper. Heads in panicles or corymbs, homogamous. Invo lucre narrowly campanulate; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, linear, subequal; receptacle convex, naked or with deciduous scales. Corollas all tubular, equal, regular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers with slight apical appendages, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, obtuse. Cypselas 5-angled ; pappus of 5 short, free or connate scales, or of 10 to 20 narrow, unequal scales.-DISTRIB. About 20 species, all probably American, several introduced in the Tropics of the Old World. AGERATUM CONYZOIDES, Linn. Sp. Pl. 839. Annual, 1 to 2 feet high, everywhere with sparse white, rather soft pubescence. Leaves membranous, ovate, sub-acute, the base broad and sub-truncate, sometimes cuneate; the edges coarsely crenate or dentate; both surfaces greenish when dry, the upper sparsely hispid; the lower glabrous, boldly reticulate; main-nerves about 2 or 3 pairs, ascending, curved, the lower one branching; length 1 to 35 in. Heads 25 in. in diam., in terminal or axillary corymbose cymes. Involucral bracts shorter than the flowers, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, puberulous. Corollas pale blue or white. Cypselas black; pappus of 5 shining, spreading scales, with broad, often serrate bases. DC. Prod. V. 108; Clarke Comp. Ind. 30; Wall. Cat. 3176; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 243; Prain Bengal Plants, 591. A. cordifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 415; Wall. Cat. 3177. In all the provinces, in cultivated places.-DISTRIB. The tropics generally. 5. MIKANIA, Willd. A twining herb (in Indo-Malaya). Leaves opposite, petiolate. Heads small, in spikes racemes or panicles, homogamous, usually 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, its bracts 4, narrow, sometimes with a small outer one; receptacle small, naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular, the tube narrow; the limb campanulate, 5-fid. Anthers appendiculate, the base obtuse. Style-arms long, acute. Cypselas with truncate apices, 5-angled; pappus with one or more rows of scabrid hairs, often connate at the base.-DISTRIB. About 60 species, all in the warm parts of America and Africa except the following. MIKANIA SCANDENS, Willd. Sp. Pl. 1743. A glabrous or puberulous climber; young branches less than half as thick as a goose-quill, brown and striate when dry. Leaves membranous, on long petioles, ovate, acuminate; the base broad, cordate, often almost sagittate, the edges sinuate; main-nerves a single pair, ascending from the base and branching outwards; length 1 to 2 in.; breadth 6 to 1.25 in.; petioles 5 to 1 in., slender. Heads narrow, 4-flowered, in lax corymbose cymes, on slender peduncles much longer than the leaves, peduncles and branches angled when dry, puberulous. Scales of involucre chaffy, narrowly oblong, obtuse. Cypselas glabrous; pappus reddish. Prod. V. 199; Clarke Comp. Ind. 34; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 244; Prain Bengal Plants, 592. M. volubilis and M. chenopodifolia, Willd. 1.c. 1745; DC. l.c. 199 and 201. Eupatorium scandens, Linn.; Jacq. Ic. t. 169. In all the provinces, common. -DISTRIB. Archipelago, Tropical Africa. 6. DICHROCEPHALA, DC. DC. British India, Malay Annuals, with alternate toothed lyrate or pinnatifid leaves. Heads small, heterogamous, globose or hemispheric, not rayed, in panicles; Outer florets, in many rows, slender, fertile, rigid, 2-3-toothed or cleft. Disk-florets, fertile, narrow, 4- or 5-toothed. Anthers with truncate bases. Style-arms of florets short, flattened, the tips lanceolate; pappus none or (in the ) of 2 minute bristles.-DISTRIB. Species 5, Asiatic and African. DICHROCEPHALA LATIFOLIA, DC. in Guill. Archiv. Bot. II. 518. An annual weed, 12 to 24 in. high, erect or spreading, glabrous pubescent or villous. Leaves very variable, ovate lanceolate or obovate, entire pinnatifid or lyrate, with the terminal lobe broadly ovate and coarsely toothed; length 1 to 4 in.; petioles 25 to 1.25 in. Heads about 15 in. in diam., globose, on pedicels many times longer than themselves, in lax, few-branched, cymose panicles. Ray-florets, filiform, obscurely 2-3-toothed, white. Disk-florets, 4-cleft, yellow. Cypselas very small, smooth, with a callous margin, and often with 2 small bristles. DC. in Wight Contrib. 11, Prod. V. 372; Wight Ic. 1096; Clarke Comp. Ind. 36; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 245. D. gracilis and D. sonchifolia, DC. 1.c. 371, 372. Cotula sinapifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 63, Fl. Ind. III. 437; Wall. Cat. 3237. C. bicolor, Both Cat. Bot. II. 116. C. latifolia, Pers. Syn. II. 464. Grangea latifolia, Lam. Ill. t. 699. Hippia bicolor, Smith in Rees Cyclop. XVIII. Ethulia integrifolia, Don Prodr. 182. PERAK Scortechini.-DISTRIB. British India, tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa. 7. MICROGLOSSA, DC. Slender shrubs, often scandent. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads small, heterogamous, collected in large corymbose panicles. Ray-florets ?, in 1 or more series, fertile, the ligule minute, white. Disk-florets few or many,, fertile, tubular, with dilated 3- to 4-fid limb. Involucre campanulate, composed of several series of narrow bracts, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked or nearly so. Corolla, the ligulate or ray ones narrow, about as long as the style; those of the disk (the tubular) longer. Anthers with obtuse bases, entire. Style-arms of the ₫ flattened; their tips long, lanceolate. Cypselas angled; pappus hairs numerous, slender, silky, in one or two series, somewhat unequal.— DISTRIB. About 6 species, Asiatic and African. MICROGLOSSA VOLUBILIS, DC. Prod. V. 320. A sub-scandent shrub; branches half as thick as a goose-quill, ridged, glabrous. Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate or rounded, the edges obscurely toothed; both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous, the lower sometimes slightly pubescent; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, little curved, ascending, prominent beneath; length 1.5 to 2 in.; breadth 65 to 1.25 in.; petioles 25 to 4 in., slender. Heads 35 in. in diam., on short peduncles, crowded in dense corymbose terminal cymes, much longer than the leaves. Cypselas compressed, 4-angled, puberulous; pappus copious, reddish, much longer than the minute achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 57; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. II. 82; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 257. Conyza volubilis, Wall. Cat. 3057. Erigeron pyrifolius, Benth. Fl. Hongk., 176. PENANG: Wallich 3057. PERAK: Ridley 2890; Wray 2472. |