form, white yellow, or lilac. Outer florets, in several series, fertile, filiform. Disk-florets, few, sterile, tubular and 5-fid. Involucre broadly ovoid or campanulate; its bracts few or in many rows, imbricate, ovate or lanceolate, dry, rigid; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas of the flowers filiform, shorter than their own styles, their apices with 3 teeth; corollas of the flowers regular, tubular, the limb slightly widened, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, their basal auricles tailed. Style-arms of the flowers filiform, entire or bifid. Cypselas small, 4- or 5-angled. Hairs of pappus slender, rigid, in a single series, free, or (in the sterile cypselas) connate in groups.-DISTRIB. About 30 species, tropical and sub-tropical.

PLUCHEA INDICA, Less.; DC. Prod. V. 451. A low shrub, glabrous or nearly so; stems smooth, terete. Leaves membranous, obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, acuminate or apiculate, narrowed to the base; edges dentate, serrate or sub-serrate; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, glandular; main-nerves 3 to 6 pairs, curving upwards, bold beneath; length 5 to 2.75 in.; breadth 3 to 1-25 in.; petioles 1 in. to 4 in. long. Heads 25 in. in diam., in compound terminal puberulous corymbose cymes, much longer than the leaves; involucral bracts few, rather broad, obtuse. Florets of the disk 3; those of the ray numerous. Cypselas minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous; pappus scanty, spreading, reddish-white. Wight Ill. t. 131; Clarke Comp. Ind. 93; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 272; Prain Bengal Plants 600. P. foliosa, DC. 1.c. 451. Conyza corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 426; Wall. Cat. 3009. C. indica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 58. Baccharis indica, Linn.

MALACCA: Griffith. PENANG: Wallich. SINGAPORE: Kurz. DINDINGS: Curtis 3451. PERAK: Scortechini 848; King's Collector 2893. -DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Australia

11. SPHÆRANTHUS, Linn.

Annual herbs with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, toothed, decurrent. Flower-heads proper, small, heterogamous, disciform, sessile, on a common receptacle, bracteate or not, and forming solitary, globose, or ovoid, a head-like terminal cluster, usually bearing at its base an involucre of a few empty bracts. Outer florets, few or many, fertile, slender; inner solitary or few,, fertile or sterile; involucre narrow, its bracts dry, narrow, unequal, acute; receptacle small, naked; pappus none. Florets: ? with filiform, minutely 2-3-toothed corollas; with regular corollas with thickened tube and 4-5-toothed limb. Anthers with sagittate bases acute or tailed. Style of florets with filiform arms or entire. Cypselas oblong, sub

compressed, without pappus.--DISTRIB. About 8 species, tropics of Asia, Africa, and Australia.

SPHÆRANTHUS AFRICANUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1314. Annual, glabrous or pubescent, the stem and branches with long decurrent, entire wings. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate, acute or sub-acute, with a small bristle-point at the apex, the base narrowed and confluent with the wing of the branch, the edges bristle-serrate; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth 25 to 1.25 in. Clusters of heads globose, 3 to 4 in. in diam., pedunculate, their involucres few, scarious, rounded or jagged, not imbricate; the peduncles 25 to 4 in. long, glabrous, with a wing widening at the base. Female florets about 15, gibbous. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 275; Prain Bengal Plants, 601. S. africanus and S. microcephalus, Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 2395. S. microcephalus, DC. Prod. V. 360; Clarke Comp. Ind. 97. S. indicus, Willd. 1.c. 2394; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 62, Fl. Ind. III. 446. S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179 (in part).

MALACCA: Griffith. KEDAH: King's Collector 1701. SINGAPORE: Ridley 5069. PENANG: Curtis 1942; Deschamps. PROVINCE WELLESLEY: Ridley 7125. PERAK: Scortechini 1640.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Philippines, Australia, Africa.

12. EMILIA, Cass.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, often glaucous, sometimes sarmentose. Leaves alternate, radical, crowded, petiolate, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline few, stem-clasping. Heads on long peduncles, solitary or loosely corymbose, ebracteolate at the base, homogamous, discoid, yellow or red; florets all, fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric; its bracts in a single series, equal, free or cohering, striate; receptacle flat, naked. Style-arms sub-terete, their apices short and obtuse, or long and acute. Cypselas sub-terete, or 5-ribbed or -angled; pappus hairs numerous, white, silky.-DISTRIB. Species 14 or 15; all Indo-Malayan and tropical African.

EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA, DC. Prod. VI. 302. Annual, usually erect, sometimes diffuse and sarmentose, 12 to 30 in. high. Leaves: the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, rarely elliptic, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes scaberulous, 1.5 to 4 in. long; petioles variable but rarely exceeding an inch in length; cauline leaves much smaller, hastate or linear-hastate, dentate, sessile and auriculate, more or less stem-clasping. Heads 4 in. long and the same in diam. when expanded, on long ebracteate or scantily bracteate peduncles, collected in lax terminal long pedunculate spreading corymbs. Involucre nearly as long as the purple florets, ecalyculate; its bracts linear-oblong, sub

acute. Cypselas truncate at each end, minutely hairy. DC. in Wight Contrib. 24. E. sonchifolia, vars. a and B, Clarke Comp. Ind. 174. Calcalia sonchifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 835; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 413; Don Prod. 180; Wall. Cat. 3144. E. glabra, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3145. Gynura ecalyculata, DC. 1.c. 298. Prenanthes sarmentosa, Wall. Cat. 3262E. E. scabra, DC. 1.c. 303; Wight Ic. 1123. E. mucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175.

SINGAPORE: Hullett 240. PENANG: Deschamps; Scortechini; Stolickza.-DISTRIB. British India, Malay Archipelago, China.

VAR. minor, King & Gamble. Little more than a foot high, lower leaves broadly ovate, truncate at the base, on long narrow winged petioles.

PERAK: King's Collector 301. PENANG in Klang and Batu Gaja jungles: Deschamps.

In this variety the terminal lobe only of the leaf is developed, the lower part being long and narrow like a petiole.

13. GYNURA, Cass.

Succulent herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes climbers, glabrous or hispid. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatisect. Heads solitary or in corymbs, bracteolate at the base, homogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Florets yellow all the tubular, fertile (rarely a few of the outer ones more slender and ?) the limb 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric or sub-campanulate; the bracts 10 or 12, in a single series, narrow, equal; their margins scarious; receptacle flat, pitted or shortly fimbrillate. Anthers with bases entire or sub-auricled. Style-arms slender; their apices long, slender, subulate, hispid. Cypselas narrow, many-ribbed; hairs of pappus copious, in many series, slender, white.DISTRIB. Species about 20, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Scandent; leaves subentire or slightly dentate, petiolate

An erect herb; leaves always boldly dentate and often pinnatisect or pinnatifid, sessile and often sub-amplexicaul or auriculate

1. G. sarmentosa.

2. G. bicolor.

1. GYNURA SARMENTOSA, DC. Prod. VI. 298. Stem and branches loosely twining, glabrous except the puberulous peduncles, thinner than a goose-quill, pale brown and striate when dry. Leaves succulent, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base cuneate, the edges subentire or slightly dentate, both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 1 to 3 in.; breadth 4 to 1 in.; petioles of the lower leaves 15 to 4 in.; the small upper leaves often sessile. Heads few, 65 to 75 in. long, and as much in diam., on slender puberulous

pedicels usually in scanty, lax, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal cymes longer than the leaves; bracteoles of the panicle and of the calyculus at the base of the involucre few, small, linear. Involucre spreading little, its bracts narrowly oblong, subacute or blunt, glabrous; their edges scarious, nearly as long as the florets. Cypselas small, brown, with 10 puberulous ribs; pappus white. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335. G. Finlaysoniana, DC. 1.c. 299; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 55. Cacalia cylindrifolia, reclinata, and Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 3150, 3151, 3162. Sonchus volubilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. V. t. 103 f. 2.

In all the provinces, common.-DISTRIB. Malayan Archipelago; Siam; Philippines.

2. GYNURA BICOLOR, DC. Prod. VI. 299. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous or sparsely and minutely glandular-hairy on the upper part; stems erect, branched, about the thickness of a quill near the base, boldly striate when dry. Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the lobules acutely dentate; the terminal lobe narrow and acuminate, narrowed at the base into a petiole varying in length from 5 to 1 in.; the upper sessile and often auriculate at the base, or shorter and narrowly obtuse with large teeth; length 2.5 to 5 in.; breadth 4 to 3 in. Heads about 5 in. long, less in diam. Involucral bracts narrow, with scarious margins and acute often recurved tips. Cypselas very slender, much ribbed, sub-glabrous; pappus copious, white, tinged with pink. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 335. Cacalia bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 412; Salisb. Hort. Parad. t. 25; Bot. Regist. t. 110.

SINGAPORE: Ridley 1618. JOHORE: Ridley 2741; King. PERAK: Wray 1445, 3599. PENANG: Deschamps. MALACCA: Griffith (K.D.),. 3235.-DISTRIB. China, Moluccas.

14. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in leafy panicles, heterogamous, sub-radiate, yellow or white. Rayflorets, in a single series, fertile, the corollas short-tubed, with 2-3-fid limb or a short, broad ligule. Disk-florets, fertile, or the inner ones sterile; the corollas regular, tubular, the limb campanulate and 5-fid or narrow and 3- to 4-toothed. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, the bracts few, herbaceous, glandular, the outer usually 5, spathulate, spreading; the inner enclosing the rayflorets. Receptacle small; the pales membranous, concave. Anthers with entire bases. Style of florets with short, flattened, sub-acute arms. Cypselas obovoid-oblong, often incurved, their apices obtuse;

pappus none.-DISTRIB. Six species, one cosmopolitan, tropical and sub-tropical, the others South American and African.

SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 900. An erect annual, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the lower branches opposite, everywhere clothed with pubescence, often glandular and crisped. Leaves membranous, opposite, the lower ovate sub-rhomboid, the upper ovatelanceolate, dentate or crenate, passing into linear-lanceolate, and sometimes entire; all cuneate at the base; both surfaces olivaceous when dry; the upper scabrid, hispid; the lower more softly hairy; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, curved, spreading; length 1 to 4 in.; petioles very short or absent. Involucre with the outer bracts longer than the inner. Cypselas black, the outer enclosed in the glandular involucral bracts. Boiss. Fl. Orient. III. 250; DC. Prod. V. 495; Wight Ic. 1103; Wall. Cat. 3182; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. III. 304; Prain Bengal Plants, 607. S. glutinosa, Wall. Cat. 3182. S. brachiata and S. orientalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 432. Minyranthes heterophylla, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Misc. 1851, I. 181.

In all the provinces, near habitations.

15. ECLIPTA, Linn.

Strigose or hirsute annuals. Leaves opposite. Heads small, axillary or terminal, pedunculate, heterogamous, rayed. Ray-florets, sub2-seriate, fertile or sterile, ligulate, small, entire or bifid, white rarely yellow. Disk-florets, fertile, tubular, 4-5-fid. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate; its bracts sub-2-seriate, herbaceous, the outer large and broad; receptacle flat or nearly so, the outer pales enclosing several florets; the inner ones narrow, sometimes absent. Anthers with obtuse, almost entire, bases. Style-arms flattened, with short triangular or obtuse appendages. Cypselas of the ray narrow, triquetrous, sometimes barren; those of the disk stouter, somewhat compressed laterally, the apex entire, toothed or 2-aristate.-DISTRIB. species in South America and Australia, and 1 cosmopolitan in the tropics.

ECLIPTA ERECTA, Linn. Mant. II. 266. An erect or diffuse branched slender herb, hirsute or strigillose. Leaves variable in form and size, sessile or with very short petioles; linear, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; narrowed at both ends; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, spreading, faint; length 1 to 4 in.; breadth 2 to 5 in. Heads 3 to 4 in. in diam., solitary or in pairs from the leaf-axils; the peduncles 25 to 15 in. long, when in pairs always unequal. Involucral bracts equal to or longer than the flowers, unequal, ovate or obovate, apiculate. Cypselas scabrid, without pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; Hook.