After V-E Day General Trudeau returned to the Pacific, as G-3, AFWESPAC, and later commanded Base X, Manila, for the support of planned assaults on Japan. In 1946 he returned to Washington as Chief, Manpower Control Group, General Staff. In 1950, after commanding the 1st Constabulary Brigade in Germany for 2 years, he served as the first Deputy Commandant of the reactivated Army War College. During the Korean war, General Trudeau served in Japan as commanding general, 1st Cavalry Division, and in Korea as commanding general, 7th Infantry Division. After the armistice he was returned to Washington as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. In 1955 he returned to the Far East as Deputy Chief of Staff, Far East, and United Nations Command. One year later he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned command of the I Corps (Group) in Korea. On April 1, 1958, he assumed his present post of Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army. In addition to a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy, General Trudeau holds an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California and honorary degrees of LL.D. from Seattle University, Middlebury College, and the University of Michigan and Eng. D. from Manhattan College. Among his U.S. decorations are the Distinguished Service Medal (with Oak Leaf Cluster), the Silver Star (with Oak Leaf Cluster), the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star, and the Air Medal. Additionally, he has been awarded foreign decorations by Belgium, Ethiopia, Colombia, Korea, Japan, and the United Nations. STATEMENT OF LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, USA, CHIEF OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY General TRUDEAU. I would like to open by stating that it is always unfortunate when the press reports the comments we make down here as "opposing directives." I have been in uniform for 41 years and I don't oppose directives or orders, even though I might have done them differently, so I would like to say first, that the Army intends to support as loyalty and fully as we can, the decision of the Secretary of Defense. The CHAIRMAN. May I interrupt you to say this: This committee has confidence in you and your integrity. We think you are a very able soldier and a very great American, too. General TRUDEAU. Thank you, sir. The Army considers space environment, as the Secretary has said, to enable it to do better the thing the Army must do on the ground. Therefore, it is vitally essential the Army be encouraged in primary research because of the differing requirements to conduct operations by the three Services. In the case of geodesy and mapping and communications, the Army will continue with its present program. These are satisfactory to the Army, and it is our understanding that the Advent communication system has been assured to the Army, and we feel the same assurance should be forthcoming with respect to geodesy and mapping. The Army Corps of Engineers, since the days of Lewis and Clark has done the mapping for this country. To respond a little more broadly to some of the questions that have been previously asked, the geodetic, cartographic and hydrographic data that is made available through the Army Corps of Engineers, through the Navy, through the Coast and Geodetic Survey, is all made available for commercial use in this country, and most of the maps you see produced by Hammond and other people who produce maps, are all based on data that is provided by the Government. None of them would have the resources to go out and do their own. Mr. MILLER. This is something that isn't generally known. The CHAIRMAN. It is something that has been concerning me as to how the civilians are going to profit by this work. General TRUDEAU. This work is all given to them. For the future the Army should be given the authority for the development programs and projects related to its mission including air defense. And here I include the follow-on Zeus that would produce an anti-satellite weapon, unless something better comes up. It is no more logical to give the Air Force the development of the entire space program than to give the Army the single responsibility for all programs on the land. In my opinion, the Army should be given the operational satellite communications system-I should change that to say "should keep it," and also the Army should retain its responsibilities in the field of air defense and geodesy and mapping, as they are related to space, and as always within those terms, we loyally support the present directive. Now, what are the capabilities and resources of the Army in connection with space programs? I would like to spell them out for the record, for once. This memorandum I have before me is the memorandum you referred to of 1959, upgraded as of 14 November 1960. It has not been changed since the recent directive has been issued. If I may, I will read it. It is fairly brief. Q. What particular capabilities and resources in connection with space programs does the Army have? A. 1. Signal Research and Development Laboratory: a. Extensive electronic research facilities. b. Have accomplished Tiros, Courier, and Score. 2. Ordnance Corps: a. Ballistic Research Laboratories-DOPLOC surveillance system designed and constructed. b. Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories-micro-miniaturization of electronic components. c. Army Ordnance Missile Command-White Sands Missile Range, Army Rocket and Guided Missiles Agency and Army Ballistic Missiles Agency. 3. Corps of Engineers: a. Specialists in construction. b. Army Map Service for space mapping program. 4. The Army Chemical Corps: a. Biological warfare has application to space. 5. Quartermaster Corps: a. Laboratories for clothing and feeding of human beings in hostile environments. 6. Transportation Corps-Vehicle Development for Booster Transport. 7. Army Medical Service-Biological Research on effects of ionization radiation. "1. The Army has resources and capabilities for space activities in all of its seven technical services. Within the Signal Corps and in particular, at the U.S. Áriny Signal Research and Development Laboratory are extensive electronic research facilities and proven technical talent. Here the research and development phase of Project Tiros, the meteorological satellite, was accomplished and In addition, the main ground readout station exists. "Project Courier, the delayed repeater satellite, was developed under the supervision of this agency. "Project Advent, the 24-hour real-time repeater satellite, is being managed by the Advent Management Agency at Fort Monmouth. "2. The Ordnance Corps has extensive capabilities at the Ballistic Research Laboratories, particularly in fields such as space surveillance. The Doploc system was conceived and built here and was employed in the "dark fence" to detect the passage and determine the trajectories of known radiating satellites. The Diamond Fuze Ordnance Laboratories has made an outstanding record in the development of microminiaturized electronic components which have had such a vital role in many space programs. The facilities of the Army Ordnance Missile Command also constitute valuable resources. This includes the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency which is developing the technical missiles for the Army. The Army Ballistic Missile Agency, since the transfer of its Development Operation Division to NASA, is restoring its capability of developing ballistic missiles for the Army. "3. The Corps of Engineers through its extensive experience in construction programs throughout the world, probably constitutes the Nation's number one source of talent for unusual construction in difficult environments. It has the capability of making valuable contributions in extraterrestrial operations when the time comes. Through its Army Map Service, great progress has already been made in mapping the Moon and studying the lunar topography. "4. The Army Chemical Corps and its facilities at the Army Chemical Center and the biological warfare labs can do many tasks of collateral value in space programs. Among these is the work now going on in the sterilization of space probes. "5. The Quartermaster Corps with its research and development labs has an extensive capability for clothing and feeding human beings in hostile environments. "6. The Transportation Corps with its Research and Engineering Command has experience and background in developing vehicles to perform under diverse and difficult environments ranging from providing barges to haul massive boosters on the ocean to studying vehicles capable of operating on the lunar surface. "7. The Army Medical Service has the capability of performing biological research slanted toward or with indirect benefits to space programs. Included here is the Army's experience in putting animals into space on missile nose cones and related research. The program of protecting animals against the effects of ionization radiation by use of drugs has obvious applications to space. The facility of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Fort Knox R. & D. Lab are prominent among the resources in this field." Approved by: Brig. Gen. D. C. Lewis. Action officer: Maj. Mittenthal/71714. Date: 14 November 1960. We would like to keep these capabilities and have them recognized in connection with the authorization of research, at least. "Preliminary research" is a new term. We are generally familiar with basic research and the terms applied in supporting research. What the intent is, if anything, with respect to the word "preliminary," I am not sure, but at least it would infer in the field of basic research and possibily some supporting research, the Army's capabilities would be utilized. Thank you. The CHAIRMAN. General, you have given us a very fine statement. Very short and very fine. How many of these missions or programs that you refer to are lost as a result of the directive? General TRUDEAU. There are no programs as such that are lost. This is on the assumption that we will be firmly given the responsibility to continue the Advent program and to do the necessary work that is in the planning and research stage on mapping and geodesy. The CHAIRMAN. Well now, in the foreseeable future, would you say that this directive is going to hurt the research and development program of the Army? General TRUDEAU. I will be glad to answer that, Mr. Chairman, but before that, I would like to add also among the other two programs that I mentioned what I consider the absolute desirability of retaining in the Army the work on the advanced Nike system, if it is authorized, in connection with the anti-satellite missile. The tremendous fallout in knowledge which we have gained through the three steps we have taken that now give us the Zeus capability, must not be ignored and should not be shifted in connection with the anti-satellite missile. In connection with these other programs, and as I say, they are not really programs. It is research that is done by our scientists, primarily in basic research or perhaps in supporting research, since the development of stable platforms and guidance systems and the work on propellants, naturally give us an opportunity to acquire added knowledge and the added incentive of thinking in bigger terms than the things you are faced with immediately. It is possible that if we are-and I hope we will not be-restricted in this field, that the scientific talent that exists in the Army_will atrophy on the vine. This is a matter of concern to me, but I am hoping that the full meaning, that we will continue to do research, will meet with support. The CHAIRMAN. It could do research in other fields than space. General TRUDEAU. We have much to do in other fields and the Secretary was absolutely right when he said we were busy in other things, but to restrict those scientists who have knowledge in this field and who must be knowledgeable as to many of the space problems in order to do even Nike-Zeus today-if we lose those for one reason or another, through being denied opportunities to add knowledge to the general subject of space, then this would be a set-back. The CHAIRMAN. One thing this committee is going to be very much interested in is the utilization of the talents of your able scientists who would otherwise be interested perhaps in space activity. General TRUDEAU. This is true in both the Army and the Navy, I am sure. (Secretary Morse also spoke and his biography is as follows:) HON. RICHARD S. MORSE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE ARMY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Mr. Richard S. Morse, following his resignation as president, National Research Corp., Cambridge, Mass., became Director of Research and Development: for the Department of the Army on June 1, 1959. As Director of Research and Development, Mr. Morse has been responsible for supervision of all Army research and development activities with the authority and responsibility of an Assistant Secretary. His title was raised to that of Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Development on March 1, 1961. Mr. Morse was born on August 19, 1911, in Abington, Mass., and received a bachelor of science degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1933. Following graduate work in physics at the Technische Hochschule, Munich,. Germany, he spent 5 years in research work at Eastman Kodak Co. in Rochester, N.Y. In 1940, Mr. Morse organized National Research Corp. and served as its president until his resignation in 1959. Mr. Morse is generally recognized as one of the early pioneers in the field of high vacuum technology and, as a technical executive, experienced in the organization and management of business ventures resulting from research and development. He has, at one time, served as president of Columbia National Corp., NRC Equipment Corp., Minute Maid Corp., Vaculite Corp., and Vacuum Metals Corp., as well as a director of New Enterprises, Inc., and Escambia Chemical Corp. Mr. Morse also has for many years been associated with the national defense effort. In addition to having acted as civilian adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission and the Office, Secretary of Defense, he has served on the following committees: the Army Ordnance Research and Development Advisory Com mittee, the Technical Advisory Panel of the Department of Defense on Chemical and Biological Warfare, and the Defense Science Board. Mr. Morse was Chairman of the Army Scientific Advisory Panel from October 1957 until May 1959. He holds honorary degrees of doctor of engineering and doctor of science, and in 1961 received the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Organization memberships include the American Chemical Society and the Institute of Astronautical Sciences. Club memberships are St. Botolph (Boston), Army-Navy Club, and the Quissett Yacht Club. Mrs. Morse is the former Marion E. Baitz, of Rochester, N.Y. They have two sons: Richard S. Morse, Jr., who attends Princeton University, and Kenneth P. Morse, who is a student at St. Albans, Washington, D.C. Office address: Room 3E390, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD S. MORSE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE ARMY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Secretary MORSE. We are not. doing so badly in that area, I think, Mr. Chairman. You asked if I had a general statement. I don't because I didn't realize I was going to be called on, but if I may I would perhaps like to put some of these things in what I think may be a little different perspective. I won't say a different perspective, but let's say a perspective in the way I see it. Their directive really is a management tool and technique. The reason it has its importance in the press and elsewhere is that space is very glamorous and the number of dollars involved are very large. In our large efforts today, our large system programs, we have had quite a revolutionary change in the past 10 years. In the range of 30 and in some cases 50 or 60 per cent of our total funding for these large programs are now in the field of R. & D. You people in Congress recognize the staff was set up in Dr. York's office. That is why this directive takes on added significance, because in a sense we are issuing a directive via the R. & D. channel which really tends to then control an ultimate role and mission. I think this is probably where some of us become involved from the point of view of being concerned. In a sense Dr. York's office has and still has essentially all of the authority he needs to perform the functions suggested in this directive anyway and I must say in the two years that I have been in office the tendency has certainly been going rapidly in this direction towards the Air Force for most of our large R. & D. efforts. Now, the reason that we get more concerned perhaps with space than other areas is the cost. These are large, very expensive programs in terms of facilities, people and ultimately, of course, the cost of operating them. Again I want to say this directive does not get into operating itself. On the other hand, it obviously means that the operating assignment will follow. I think this is an area which is of concern to the Army. I would like also to say, however, that the Army has in my opinion, in the case of geodesy, mapping and communications and Zeus, three of the very real, important and sensible space programs. They are of importance to the country. In the case of geodesy, mapping and communications, they are going to be important to the civilian components of our economy and I think we have to move in 68138-61-10 |