and satellite weather systems, reconnaissance systems, communication systems, and scientific space programs. Included in these launchings was a demonstration of the feasibility, practicability, and utility of launching large rockets from ships at sea. This initial space research was followed by the Navy development of the Aerobee sounding rocket for the conduct of experiments in space. Over 100 launchings of this rocket have been accomplished since 1947. Valuable data have been obtained on cosmic radiation, the Earth's magnetic field, communications phenomena and high altitude photography of the Earth. Early space environment and bioastronautic experiments were conducted. These investigations are an essential prelude to manned space flight. The Aerobee rocket is used universally as a scientific launch vehicle for experiments up to altitudes of 75 miles. As space technology expanded, the Navy developed the Viking rocket to fill the need for a research probe vehicle which would lift larger instrumented payloads up to 500 pounds to altitudes above 100 miles for upper atmosphere investigations. This liquid rocket vehicle used the first gimballed rocket motor for flight control. This technique is now universally used on all liquid rocket systems in this country. In May 1950 a Viking was successfully launched from the USS Norton Sound. The instrumented payloads of Viking rockets obtained data on cosmic radiation and on the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere above 100 miles. The results of this research led directly to the successful development and operation of the Vanguard Earth satellite. Viking research pioneered space photography and demonstrated the feasibility of satellite weather observation and reconnaissance and contributed greatly to present programs such as Tiros and Samos. In parallel, another phase of space research was undertaken by the Navy using stratosphere balloons to carry out research at very high altitudes with large instrumented payloads and to recover the data obtained safely. In this program the Office of Naval Research developed the Skyhook balloons. This program led further to manned gondolas which provided the first data on the space environment and the means of surviving in space. The knowledge gained from these experiments has enabled the Navy to provide much of the space survival information required by NASA for Project Mercury. Also, as part of the program, the first telescopic observations were made above the atmosphere of the planet Venus which led to the finding of the presence of water vapor on that planet. Such research as this is being contained by NASA in their orbital astronomical satellite. Beyond space probes and in the field of Earth satellites, the Navy is similarly proud of its record. As early as 1946, the Navy recognized the potential of satellites and initiated, jointly with the Army Air Corps, the first United States Earth satellite effort. During the 1946-48 period, over one million dollars in research and development funds were expended to develop flight techniques, equipment and payload design, controls and the booster vehicle. This rocket was a very advanced design and included a liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen rocket motor. Although this program was terminated in 1948 by the OSD Research and Development Board, this early start made a substantial contribution. The USAF space studies by the Rand Corp. evolved from this effort, and early hydrogen rocket research was stimulated. In 1954, Project Orbiter was sponsored initially by the Office of Naval Research. This was a satellite vehicle concept that eventually evolved into the Army Explorer satellite project. Later, in 1955, a special OSD committee chaired by Dr. Homer J. Stewart was convened to review several proposals for an Earth satellite. The committee voted to accept the Navy's proposal for Vanguard as the International Geophysical Year program for an Earth satellite. The Vanguard satellite and space vehicle was developed by the Navy at the Naval Research Laboratory. This project resulted in the successful orbiting of an artificial Earth satellite to obtain scientific data. From the Vanguard satellites data were obtained on the Earth's magnetic field, intensity of solar radiation, meteorite penetration, dust erosion, space temperatures and related phenomena which has brought about a new and basic understanding of space environment. This fundamental knowledge has contributed directly to all follow-on satellite programs. As part of the Vanguard program, a global tracking and telemetering system known as Minitrack was developed. A total of twelve stations were constructed and deployed by the Naval Research Laboratory. This network was used successfully in the Vanguard program and, after the network was transferred to NASA, it has been used on various NASA programs. A major outgrowth of the Minitrack space tracking technique was the application of these results to the development of the space surveillance system (Spasur) which is now operational. This system is used for the detection, tracking and prediction of orbits of non-radiating and uncooperative satellites. Another major achievement was the development of the theory of the pearshaped Earth from the orbital data of the stable Vanguard I. This Vanguard orbit data was also used to located accurately the position of various islands in the Pacific Ocean. This geophysical achievement was basic and led to the revolutionary use of satellites for global geodesy. This work is now being prosecuted by the Navy jointly with the Air Force, the Army and NASA under Project Anna, the geodetic satellite. Again, in 1958, the Argus Project was initiated to insert high energy electrons into space using high altitude nuclear explosions in order to verify the theory that space radiation particles are captured by the Earth's magnetic field. A major portion of this project was accomplished by the Navy under the direction of the Office of Naval Research. Three large solid propellant rockets were launched from the USS Norton Sound in the South Atlantic-a good example of the advantages of mobility in space operations. Three nuclear explosions were achieved at nominal altitudes of 300 miles. The high energy electrons traveled along the magnetic lines of force and spread to create an "electron-shell" around the Earth. In effect, the artificial equivalent of the two natural Van Allen radiation belts was created. The electrons created an artificial aurora which interfered locally with certain radio transmissions. This experiment demonstrated the capability to disturb the ionosphere actively and leads to new understanding of the ionosphere and the possibility of control of communications with similar space phenomena. These achievements, together with many experiments and developments in guidance, propulsion, instrumentation, range operations and other facets of space research, have now begun to bear fruit. While it is difficult to look clearly into the future, certain things make judging easier. One of these is the past record. We are in the throes of worldwide changes, technological and otherwise. There have been and there will continue to be dramatic changes to our national courses, our military postures and our very lives. There is no sign of a slowdown in this technological advance. More money, people, and resources are being applied to science and technology than ever before and no slowing influences are apparent. I do How far we will go in space for military applications, no one knows. know we need to continue to work hard-to continue research in order to be ready for this opportunity. I am convinced that space technology and space systems are essential to keeping the Navy's strength and readiness at a top level. Just as airpower gave new life and strength to our fleet in the past half century and as nuclear power is opening new horizons of today's fleet, space systems may add immeasurably to the capabilities of the Navy of the future. We are already seeing some of the impact of space technology on the new Navy. The Polaris missile, operating in outer space, has been combined with the most modern technology to bring forth one of this Nation's most effective deterrent forces. To me it is vital to our security that unnecessary restrictions are not imposed on the ability of the Navy to analyze space technology, to conduct space research, and to create space systems to improve seapower and to further the national space effort. It is vital that the Navy and its sister Services employ all of the sciences and technologies which are available today in order to improve our readiness for national defense and the preservation of peace. STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Secretary WAKELIN. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I should just like to brief what I submitted to you as a statement and to say that we have a long history of success in the area of space and space vehicles, and in the field of navigation, communications, study of the upper atmosphere, probes and high altitude balloon studies. These have not only contributed to our mission as a navy but formed a background for the scientific achievements of other people who we hope are interested in space. We believe our role in the national effort is to make our laboratories and our scientists available for work in both research and development in the whole field of space technology, where they are qualified. We have excellent laboratories, one of which, the Naval Research Laboratory, has done outstanding work in upper atmosphere physics, in communications, and the Moon relay problem, and has recently been able to study the upper atmosphere by a pickaback to Transit. We have the Applied Physics Laboratory, whose work in the development of the Transit pay load has been an historic development, having been done so inexpensively in such a short time. We have the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake, Calif., which has contributed a great deal of work. We have supported Project Mercury for NASA through our work in the Naval Air Development Center at Johnsville, Pa., where we have human centrifuge equipment to which the astronauts have been subjected in physiological studies. We have also a school of Aviation Medicine at Pensacola, which we believe is a most important activity to further studies of humans in the space flight problem. This is all I wish to say in furtherance of my statement, except to emphasize again what Secretary Connally has said, and that is our scientific effort in the Navy has not been changed one bit. We have informed the people in the laboratories and bureaus that there will be no substantial change at all in our scientific effort in this field and that we don't believe that the things we are doing now, at the Pacific Missile Range and the Space Surveillance System, are going to be substantially changed at all by this directive. (The committee was provided with this checklist of Navy inhouse facilities useful for space research:) NAVY INHOUSE FACILITIES Naval Research Laboratory-Vanguard, Greb, Lofti, Mini-track, Spasur, Orbiter (Explorer), Upper atmospheric research Special project group-Polaris missile Nuclear propulsion group-Nuclear reactors for propulsion Pacific Missile Range-Important segment of astronautic ground environment Naval Ordnance Test Station-Caleb, Sidewinder Naval Missile & Astronautic Center-Hydra Various launch ships-Argus, Polaris tests, sea recovery Naval Aero-medical Facilities Aviation Medical Acceleration Lab-centrifuge Air Crew Equipment Lab-closed ecological systems-pressure suits Naval Medical Research Institute-heat, vibration, CO2, tolerance Naval Parachute Unit-escape systems Naval Medical Research Lab-atmospheric control Shipyards-launching and handling capability for large metallic shapes The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary. We have, sitting quietly over here, a very able service man. We have had him before our Committee. He has given us a great deal of help. I refer to Vice Admiral John T. Hayward, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development. Admiral Hayward, if you have a statement you would like to make, we would be glad to have it at this time. (The biographical sketch of Admiral Hayward is as follows:) VICE ADM. JOHN T. HAYWARD, U.S. NAVY Born in New York City on November 15, 1908, Adm. John Tucker Hayward had 15 months' enlisted service before his appointment to the Naval Academy in August 1926. As a Midshipman he excelled in water polo, being a member of intercollegiate championship teams for 3 years and All-American in 1930. Graduated and commissioned ensign in 1930, he subsequently advanced to the rank of vice admiral, in 1959. His early service included sea duty in the U.S.S. Richmond, and for saving the lives of members of a swimming party at Tela, Honduras, in June 1931 while attached to that cruiser, he was awarded the Silver Life Saving Medal by the U.S. Treasury Department. He was designated naval aviator on September 13, 1932, and subsequently served in carrier based Scouting Squadron 1; Patrol Squadron 2, based on Coco Solo, C.Z.; the aviation unit of the cruiser Philadelphia; and as senior aviator of the cruiser Phoenix. Prior to and following the outbreak of World War II he served as Assistant Chief Engineer (for Instruments) at the Naval Aircraft Factory, Philadelphia, and while so assigned had duty in 1940-41 as U.S. Naval Observer with the Royal Air Force. From December 1942 until March 1943 he had command of Headquarters Squadron, Fleet Air Wing 2, on the west coast. He commissioned, then commanded Bombing Squadron 106 in 1943-44, and for outstanding service in action in the Central, South, and Southwest Pacific, was awarded the Silver Star Medal, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross (four times, once by the Army), the Air Medal (five times). He was also awarded the Purple Heart Medal for wounds received during the bombing of Canton Island by enemy aircraft in March 1943, and is entitled to the Army Distinguished Unit Ribbon for service with the 5th Air Force. In June 1944 he became experimental officer at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, Calif., where he worked on all phases of rocket development and the development of, and study of destruction caused by the atom bomb. He received a letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for extraordinary achievement in that field. From July to December 1948 he was Director of Plans and Operations for the Armed Forces, Sandia Base, Albuquerque, N. Mex., concerned with the use of atomic weapons and integration of military requirements with the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. He has a total of over 12,000 hours of flight as a pilot and has participated over many years in the development of new aircraft. He was the first naval aviator to land heavy attack aircraft on board our carriers and had the job of putting the atom into the fleet. The present heavy attack squadrons all began when he assumed command of Composite Squadron 5 in December 1948. He held this command until June 1951. This was followed by a tour of duty with the Atomic Energy Commission (Military Application Division), a year at sea in command of the carrier escort vessel Point Cruz, and command of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory from June 1954 to January 1956. He commanded the giant aircraft carrier U.S.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt from February 1956 until January 1957, when he became Special Assistant to the Director, Strategic Plans Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In October 1957 he assumed the duties of Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (Research and Development) and in April 1959 reported as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Development). Navy: Office of Information, Biographies Branch, January 6, 1961. Born: November 15, 1908, New York, N.Y. Parents: Charles B. Hayward (deceased) and Rosa Valdetarro Hayward (father was associated with Wright brothers and prominent in aviation. Author of outstanding texts on aeronautics). Wife: Lelia Marion Hyer, of Pensacola, Fla. Children: Mary Shelley, Lelia Marion, Victoria, Jennifer, and John T. Hayward, Jr. Address (official): Box 110, Pensacola, Fla. Education: Loyola School, New York City; Oakdale Military Academy, Long Island, N.Y.; U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. (BS, 1930); completed Naval War College correspondence courses in strategy and tactics and international law. Promotions: Enlisted, June 29, 1925; honorably discharged, July 12, 1926; midshipman, July 13, 1926; commissioned ensign, June 5, 1930; lieutenant (jg), June 5, 1933; lieutenant, June 30, 1937; lieutenant commander (T), January 2, 1942; lieutenant commander, May 29, 1943, to rank from June 30, 1942; commander (T), August 20, 1943; captain (T), December 10, 1945; commander, August 7, 1947, to rank from December 30, 1941; temporary appointment as captain terminated, January 1, 1948; captain (T), August 1, 1948; captain, July 1, 1951, to rank from August 1, 1948; rear admiral, to rank from August 1, 1957; vice admiral, to rank from April 25, 1959. Decorations and medals: Silver Star Medal, Legion of Merit with Combat "V", Distinguished Flying Cross with two gold stars and Oak Leaf Cluster (Army), Air Medal with four gold stars, letter of commendation with ribbon and one bronze star, Army Distinguished Unit Citation (Fifth Air Force), Purple Heart Medal, Silver Life Saving Medal, Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver star and three bronze stars, World War II Victory Medal, Naval Occupation Service Medal, Asia Clasp, National Defense Service Medal, Philippine Liberation Ribbon, Order of British Empire (Honorary Officer) and Ribbon Bar. Citations: Silver Star Medal and Army Oak Leaf Cluster to the DFC (not available), Legion fo Merit with Combat "V": "For distinguishing himself * * * during the period March 25, 1944, to June 1, 1944, as commanding officer of Bombing Squadron 106. He successfully carried out 305 long-range search operations, armed reconnaissance, and offensive strikes against the enemy. As a result of the offensive actions of the aircraft under his command, 12 enemy cargo vessels and 14 barges were sunk and 10 enemy vessels and 13 barges were damaged. In aerial combat the squadron shot down 12 and damaged 3 enemy aircraft * * *" Distinguished Flying Cross: "For heroism and extraordinary achievement in aerial flight as commander of a heavy bombing squadron in action against enemy Japanese forces on Wake Island, October 5, 1943 *** (He) skillfully directed and coordinated the operations of his squadron in bombing and strafing important enemy installations, pressing home his own powerful attacks accurately and with aggressive determination and obtaining many valuable photographs of the target area. His inspiring leadership and indomitable fighting spirit, maintained at great personal risk, were responsible in large measure for the oustanding success of this vital mission * * *.' Gold Star in lieu of Second Distinguished Flying Cross: "For heroism and extraordinary achievement * * * in the South Pacific War Area from November 8, 1943, to February 24, 1944 *** (He) completed many combat and search missions over hostile territory and, by his courage and determination, succeeded in launching a smashing bombing attack on Kapingamarangi Island to score four direct hits on an enemy bivouac area, in sinking several Japanese supply barges on three other occasions and in spotting three hostile cargo vessels in Kavieng Harbor to enable our forces to destroy them ***” Gold Star in lieu of Third Distinguished Flying Cross: "For heroism and extraordinary achievement in aerial flight during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Pacific Area from April 1 to 23, 1944 * * *” The Air Medal and Gold Star in lieu of four additional Air Medals were awarded "For meritorious achievement in aerial flight during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Pacific area ***" from October 13, 1943, to May 19, 1944. Letter of Commendation with Ribbon (SecNav): "While serving as Experimental Operations Officer of the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, Calif., from August 4, 1944 to August 9, 1945, he distinguished himself by extraordinary achievement in connection with the development, organization, and operation of the station ***. His active participation in hazardous aerial flights in connection with experimental projects being carried on, and his untiring devotion to duty were a source of inspiration to those who worked with |