Weather Radar: Principles and Advanced Applications

الغلاف الأمامي
Peter Meischner
Springer Science & Business Media, 06‏/07‏/2005 - 337 من الصفحات
All aspects of our lives are influenced by the weather and especially severe weather events - such considerations tend to become more pertinent as such weather events may become more frequent with global warming. It is evident that better weather forecasts for the next few hours, days or even weeks have a high economic value for our developed and densely populated world. Ground and air traffic management benefits, as does the construction industry, tourism, agriculture and big outdoor events such as the Olympic games. Weather fore casting nowadays relies on numerical weather prediction models. The reliability and accuracy of forecasts however depends not only on the quality and resolution of these models, but to a high degree on the density and quality of input data from observations. Weather radar measurements complement current data such as ground observations and soundings at smaller scales and satellite observations on larger scales. Targeted weather radar measurements additionally give detailed insight into the processes governing the developments of, for example, frontal systems and thunderstorms, which is needed for improving the model quality by comparing the observations with model forecasts. Weather radar observations on their own can be used directly for short-term forecasting, called nowcasting, just by observ ing the developments of weather systems some 100 km around and extrapolating the observations with knowledge of their typical behaviour. Finally, with reliable quantitative measurements of area precipitation by radar, flood forecasts will be improved.
 

المحتوى

The State of Weather Radar Operations Networks and Products
3
12 Doppler Radars
5
13 Polarimetric Radars
15
14 Weather Radar Networking
19
15 Data Quality
21
16 Products of Modern Weather Radars and Networks
37
Operational Measurement of Precipitation in Mountainous Terrain
54
22 Clutter Elimination
60
58 Correction for Attenuation
160
59 Identification of Hydrometeors
161
510 Conclusion
162
References
165
Understanding Severe Weather Systems Using Doppler and Polarisation Radar
169
62 Frontal Systems
170
63 Deep Convective Systems
174
64 The Future
197

23 Correction for Visibility
65
24 Profile Correction
69
25 Adjustments by Gauges
73
26 What Next?
76
References
77
Operational Measurement of Precipitation in Cold Climates
80
32 Problems Due to Ducting over Cold Surfaces
82
33 Precipitation Phase
92
the Main Limiting Factor
96
35 Nowcasting
106
36 Future Outlook
111
37 Acknowledgements
112
Using Radar in Hydrometeorology
117
42 Radar Data Quality Control
118
43 Flood Forecasting
120
44 Coupled Atmospheric and Hydrologic Numerical Models
125
45 Engineering Design
127
46 Future Prospects
129
Improved Precipitation Rates and Data Quality by Using Polarimetric Measurements
132
52 The Polarisation Parameters
133
53 Raindrop Shapes and Size Spectra
141
54 Identification of Ground Clutter and Anomalous Propagation
146
55 Improved Rainfall Rates using Polarisation Parameters
147
56 Improved Rainfall Rate Using Integrated Polarisation Parameters
152
57 Improved Rainfall Rates When Ice May Be Present
159
References
198
Precipitation Measurements from Space
201
72 Statistical Properties of the DropSize Distribution and Parameterisation of the Rain Relations
206
73 Algorithms for Rain Retrieval with a Spaceborne Weather Radar
217
74 Airborne Dual Beam Doppler Radar
220
75 Validation of the Algorithm Product with Airborne or Space Borne Radars
224
Algorithm ZPHI
228
77 The Rain Profiling Algorithm in Future Operational Applications
234
Radar Sensor Synergy for Cloud Studies Case Study of Water Clouds
237
82 Particle Scattering
238
83 Sensor Synergy
242
Retrieval of the Microstructure of Water Clouds
245
85 Acknowledgements
254
Assimilation of Radar Data in Numerical Weather Prediction NWP Models
257
92 Data Assimilation
258
93 Assimilation of Radar Precipitation Data in NWP Models
261
94 Assimilation of Radar Wind Data
270
95 Quality Control of Radar Data for NWP
275
96 Treatment of Radar Data Errors in Assimilation
276
97 Future Prospects
277
References
278
Glossary
283
Color Plates
315
Index
335
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