All three services are supporting a broad coordinated program to increase research in electronics in selected universities throughout the country.

Madre is the code name for an over-the-horizon radar development which was started at the Naval Research Laboratory. As this project advanced through the feasibility stage with a low power system, it became apparent that the funding requirements for a full-scale, high power system could not be handled within the Navy budget. Secretary of Defense emergency funds were obtained as an interim support for the program. At present, Project Madre is jointly supported and funded by the Air Force, ARPA, and the Navy.

These are some of the many programs which are being participated in jointly by the services. Because of the widely different requirements of the three services for weapons and equipment, the number of such projects which can profitably be supported jointly is severely limited. However, in situations where joint programs with the other services appear to be advantageous, I propose to support them to the fullest extent.

SCOPE OF THE R.D.T. & E. PROGRAM

The Navy's entire research, development, test and evaluation program for fiscal year 1962 and for previous years has been directed toward the support of (1) the capabilities of the Navy to control the seas and limited war situations all over the world and (2) the Navy's strategic deterrent systems for all-out war the Fleet Ballistic Missile System (Polaris) and the nuclear attack capabilities of our carrier task forces. In fact, the entire Naval Shore Establishment-our bureaus and offices, our laboratories, field activities, shipyards, radio stations, air stations, ordnance factories and depots together with the thousands of civilians and sailors who man these activities exist but for one reason to support these two basic Navy missions.

However, the accomplishment of these two missions by the Navy requires a continuing broad effort in research and development in almost every field of science and technology. We must pattern our program-especially our basic and applied research programs-so that the most effective possible weapons and equipment will be ready when needed for our offensive and defensive operations with ships, submarines, aircraft, and amphibious equipment.

Our rapidly expanding technology is resulting in new types of propulsion, new ship types, advanced guided and ballistic missiles, faster data processing methods, and instantaneous command and control systems. These advances have resulted in a large part from a carefully planned and executed basic and applied research program over the past years. I might say over the past 15 to 20 years. We are continuing a broad and comprehensive basic and applied research program at the present time so that the weapons and equipment of the future will not suffer from obsolescence on introduction.

The Navy's research program covers such key areas as electronics, nuclear physics and nucleonics, the chemistry and physics of materials, the mechanics of fluids and structures, mathematics, data processing systems, upper atmosphere studies, oceanography, and the biological and psychological sciences.

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

Let me cite two examples of the type of work which is being pursued under our basic research program and the results which have been obtained.

Before World War II, a small group of chemists at the Naval Research Laboratory became interested in synthesizing molecular structures for specific purposes. They soon found new relationships between molecular structure and physical properties. A property of special interest was lubricating ability over wide temperature ranges. During and after World War II, they pioneered the development of homemade molecules for lubricating fluids with particular reference to aircraft and ordnance applications. High temperature greases and oils for jet powered aircraft and missiles which cannot be successfully lubricated with petroleum oils resulted, as well as nonflammable hydraulic fluids. Just one oil, one grease, and one hydraulic fluid developed by this group now account for $16 million a year of industrial production. In addition, their storage-stable instrument grease is protecting many millions of dollars worth of precious instruments stored for military needs, while another practically indestructible synthetic is widely used for lifetime lubrication of electric motors.

During the Korean conflict, this group was called upon to solve the problem of freezing guns on aircraft at high altitudes in the North Korean winter cold. Within 2 weeks, they developed and produced a small quantity of special low temperature grease, and actually flew to Korea to show the ground crews how to use it. It solved the problem.

This group has just developed a new oxidation inhibitor for silicone liquids which increases by 100-fold the useful life of silicone lubricants in the temperature range of 500-600 degrees Fahrenheit. They are now working on critical lubrication problems for high performance jet engines and the complex equipment for military satellites.

The second example I would like to recount has to do with our basic effort in surface chemistry. Just prior to World War II, another group of chemists at the Naval Research Laboratory was curious about the surface properties of materials. For example, why do some liquids wet some surfaces and not wet other surfaces? They found that the surface properties of any material depend only on a single layer of molecules on the surface, and that both wettability and surface friction can be predicted from molecular structure and orientation of the surface molecules. This work has furnished the basis for great technical advances in detergents, textile finishing, protective coatings, lubrication, water repellency, and adhesion, and has opened up a whole new field in surface chemistry and new perspectives in fluorine chemistry.

One particularly interesting development is orientation of a long thin molecule that can be made sticky one one end and slippery on the other so that all molecules stand on end with the sticky ends adhering to a metal surface and the slippery ends exposed, close-packed so as to form a solid surface one molecule thick. The surface thus

formed has the lowest friction of any solid surface known, even though polished and greased. Used in thicker layers as a dry lubricant, it will eliminate 4 tons of grease fittings from a submarine. Used as a moisture repellent protective coating, it will keep the intricate mechanism of an automatic rifle in perfect working order, even after weeks of immersion in salt water.

The group is now working on problems of ice adhesion, nonspreading oils, and adsorptive behavior of rust inhibitors, wear preventatives, and lubricating oil detergents. As an emergency measure, they are assisting in salvage of equipment on the U.S.S. Constellation and have already instituted procedures which will save large quantities of material.

The Navy's program in oceanography is another example of a cooperative basic and applied research program which is directed toward physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanography at laboratories such as Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont Geological Observatory, and the Navy's Hydrographic Office and the Naval Underwater Sound, Electronics, and Research Laboratories. A new facility, the National Oceanographic Data Center, has been established by the efforts of Navy scientists and members of the Government who have worked and planned to make it a reality.

The idea of acquiring and compiling oceanographic data is not new in the United States. Over 100 years ago a farsighted and scientificminded naval officer, Lt. Matthew Fontaine Maury, began collecting oceanographic and meteorological data from the logs of men-of-war and merchant vessels. As Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Depot and Observatory-forerunner of the Hydrographic Office-he assembled thousands of observations on prevailing winds and currents, fog, ice, icebergs, and other facts of value to mariners. These he compiled and ultimately used in constructing his wind and current charts. These were distributed to mariners, who, in turn, would cooperate by sending Maury observations made during their voyages. Lieutenant Maury early proved the value of oceanographic data by applying them to a useful end-product. His charts shortened the sailing time to California by almost as many as 50 days. Maritime powers throughout the world acclaimed his work.

In the years since World War II, oceanographic research and surveying have increased at a tremendous pace within the United States. In addition, practically all maritime nations of the world are now carrying out oceanographic programs and participating in this conquest of inner space. At the international level, the recent International Geophysical Year has shown us the value of cooperative effort for the advance of science. The newly launched International Indian Ocean Expedition is significant evidence of the awareness among the community of nations of the importance of the marine sciences.

With this tremendous expansion, oceanographers of the United States have recognized the need for a centralized national repository for oceanographic data. The concept of a national oceanographic data center began to crystalize about 2 years ago in the scientific commu

nity, the Federal agencies engaged in oceanographic activity, and in Congress.

The collection of physical and chemical data in the North Atlantic Ocean during the past 10 years by the Hydrographic Office alone has grown to approximately 2 million machine-punched cards. For the world as a whole, there are about 3 million current observation, about 600,000 bathythermograms, several millions of wave and sea surface temperature observations, and much more data in various stages of processing. For the next 2 or 3 years, the Data Center expects to concentrate its efforts in processing data for the North Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Center has already formulated data exchange agreements with Canada and Japan and expects to develop with other countries exchanges which will be advantageous to oceanographic interests, not only in the United States, but in the world's scientific community as well.

Although the Hydrographic Office has provided the data nucleus and will administer the National Oceanographic Data Center, the center will be a facility embodying the spirit of cooperation between many agencies of the Federal Government-the Department of the Navy, represented by the Hydrographic Office and Office of Naval Research; the Department of the Interior, represented by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; the Department of Commerce, represented by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Weather Bureau; the Atomic Energy Commission; and the National Science Foundation.

FISCAL YEAR 1962 R.D.T. & E. FUNDING

Since this committee expressed an interest in the total funding levels for the Navy R.D.T. & E. appropriation last year, I will summarize briefly the total funding for fiscal year 1962 as included in the President's budget document.

The Navy's request of $1.267 billion for new obligational authority for support of the fiscal year 1962 research, development, test, and evaluation program includes $331 million for test and evaluation which represents about 26 percent of the total budget request.

This request also includes $734 million for development work, including all weapon systems developments, which represents about 58 percent of the total program.

Basic research is carried at a level of $68.9 million in this budget request, which represents about 5.5 percent of the program. The total of basic and applied research is $202 million, or approximately 16 percent of the program. These funding levels will allow us to continue our basic and applied research programs at a level of effort that is slightly higher than in fiscal year 1961. No major changes are planned in the level of operation of Navy laboratories and test facilities except that the support of the Pacific Missile Range is increasing. A comparison of the fiscal year 1960, fiscal year 1961, and fiscal year 1962 funds is given below:

Appropriation "Research, development, test, and evaluation, Navy"-New obligational authority

Secretary WAKELIN. I would now like to introduce Vice Adm. John T. Hayward, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development, who will discuss some of the weapons system and exploratory developments in the Navy R.D.T. & E. program for fiscal year 1962.

The CHAIRMAN. We have had Admiral Hayward with us before. We know he is an excellent witness. We know we are going to get some good information from him.

Let me thank you, too, Mr. Secretary, for giving us especially the information which you have in reference to the Navy R. & D. program. We wanted that very badly. It is in your statement.

Secretary WAKELIN. Thank you, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Admiral Hayward.

(The biographical sketch of Admiral Hayward is as follows:)

VICE ADM. JOHN T. HAYWARD, U.S. NAVY

Born in New York City on November 15, 1908, Adm. John Tucker Hayward had 15 months' enlisted service before his appointment to the Naval Academy in August 1926. As a Midshipman he excelled in water polo, being a member of intercollegiate championship teams for 3 years and All-American in 1930. Graduated and commissioned ensign in 1930, he subsequently advanced to the rank of vice admiral, in 1959.

His early service included sea duty in the U.S.S. Richmond, and for saving: the lives of members of a swimming party at Tela, Honduras, in June 1931 while attached to that cruiser, he was awarded the Silver Life Saving Medal by the U.S. Treasury Department. He was designated naval aviator on September 13, 1932 and subsequently served in carrier based Scouting Squadron 1; Patrol Squadron 2, based on Coco Solo, C.Z.; the aviation unit of the cruiser Philadelphia; and as senior aviator of the cruiser Phoenix.

Prior to and following the outbreak of World War II he served as Assistant Chief Engineer (for Instruments) at the Naval Aircraft Factory, Philadelphia, and while so assigned had duty in 1940-41 as U.S. Naval Observer with the Royal Air Force. From December 1942 until March 1943 he had command of