needed in support of specific programs. This category includes, for example, the three national missile ranges and the worldwide tracking facilities associated with them.

SPACE RELATED PROGRAMS

All of the DOD space-related programs are included in the above nine categories. However, because of the special interest of the committee in this type of program, I will break them out separately, and report on them from the point of view of both program content and management in more detail.

Last year I indicated that the Department of Defense was directly concerned only with those space activities which have direct military applications. I stressed that the objectives of the defense efforts in space were (1) the development, production, and operation of space systems which it can be demonstrated with reasonable certainty that the use of space flight will enable us to better accomplish our basic defense mission, and the development of components which would be needed in systems which cannot be clearly defined at this time but which will develop as the future unfolds in this new sphere of activity. Thus, the Department of Defense continues to be primarily interested in applying this new capability for space flights to achieve a more effective military force for the United States and its allies. Our space efforts are an integral part of the overall military program complementing or supplementing other military activities.

I also indicated to you last year that the space projects formerly conducted under the management of the Advanced Research Projects Agency would be assigned to the appropriate military departments on the basis of primary interest or special competence. Up to that time, the Discoverer, Midas, and Samos projects had been transferred to the Air Force, and the Air Force had also been assigned responsibility for providing boosters, launching of such boosters and vehicles, and necessary systems integration. Since that time, the Transit navigation project was transferred to the Navy on May 9, 1960, the Courier and Advent communications satellites were transferred to the Army on September 15, 1960, and Spasur (the space surveillance detection. net) and Spacetrack (national space surveillance control system) were transferred to the Continental Air Defense Command at Colorado Springs, Colo., on October 10, 1960. Spasur and Spacetrack are being integrated into the continental defense system under the operational control of the commander in chief of the North American Air Defense Command. The purpose of this system is to discover, identify, and predict orbits of satellites and to analyze and catalog the orbital data derived therefrom.

Recognizing the importance of establishing and maintaining a very close integration and coordination with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the host of mutual technical support and management problems, we have instituted several organizational changes. Within my office, we have designated a Deputy Director for Ranges and Space Ground Support (Lt. Gen. Donald N. Yates) to facilitate the provision of necessary launching and range instrumentation. In addition, the NASA and the Department of Defense formed the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board which

is cochaired by Dr. Dryden and myself. This Board and the panels which have been organized under it meet regularly and frequently to insure a free, timely, and adequate exchange of technical information and planning to assure a well integrated national program. Responsibilities are delineated, mutual problems are identified and resolved, necessary support is provided and policy agreements are reached through this mechanism. Some of the more significant accomplish

ments are:

Space science efforts of both agencies have been reviewed to assure that there is no unnecessary duplication and to ascertain that the efforts are mutually supporting.

Policies with respect to the development of communications satellites are being determined and the related technical programs are being initiated, reoriented, or reviewed, as applicable, in the light of recent developments.

Arrangements have been made for additional launch pads and facilities required to support the various programs and mutual funding allocations have been determined.

A joint compilation of existing space launch vehicles together with those under development has been completed. A review which indicates payload capability, costs, and schedules for each such vehicle is being made to assist in determining actions required to provide a continuing strong national space vehicle capability. Management agreements have been reached which will provide maximum mutual use of vehicle developments by either agency. For example, the Centaur high-energy upper stage is being developed by NASA and will be procured by NASA for planned use by both agencies.

The Agena B, developed by the Department of Defense, in the Discoverer program, is procured by the DOD for planned use by the NASA as well as the Department of Defense.

Through the medium of the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board, the NASA-DOD working relationship has become considerably better coordinated.

By way of summarizing the progress made since last I appeared before you on January 26, 1960, I would like briefly to outline our successes and our failures:

In the Discoverer program, which is our satellite development and engineering effort, we had 11 launch attempts of which 7 were successfully orbited. One of the seven, Discoverer XIX, was not planned for a recovery attempt. Of the remaining six which were successfully orbited and for which recovery was planned, four were successfully recovered, three by air snatch and one from the sea. The fifth was successfully ejected from orbit and located in the sea, but was unfortunately lost because of a storm. Only one of the six, then, can be considered to be completely unsuccessful from the recovery standpoint. This is an extremely good record. I might add, however, that recovery has been somewhat overemphasized in the press and that while recovery is certainly a significant objective, it is not the only major objective. The Discoverer program has been extremely successful in many other respects. It has provided the first satellite to have Earth oriented stabilization. The Agena B vehicle which is rapidly becoming a widely used workhorse satellite for many other programs in both the NASA and the DOD, was developed in this pro

gram, along with many other subsystems and techniques, which have broad applicability.

In the Midas early-warning satellite project, there were two launch attempts of which one was successfully orbited and from which valuable infrared background data was obtained.

In the Samos observational satellite project, there were also two launching attempts, the second of which was successfully orbited very recently on January 31.

In the Transit navigational satellite project, there were three launch attempts of which two were successful; however, in two of these launch attempts the payload included two separable satellites which were to go independently into orbit. In addition to the Transit satellite itself, the payload included GREB (Galactic Radiation Experiment Background) which was an experiment to determine solar radiation. One of these dual payload launch attempts was successful and one was not. Position determinations from the Transit satellites have demonstrated feasibility of such a system and have indicated that extremely accurate all-weather navigational fixes are possible. Development efforts are continuing in the direction of reliability and weight reduction in order to provide an economical operational system. There were two launch attempts for the Courier communications satellite, one of which successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a delayed repeater satellite to relieve crowded point-to-point communications.

The totals add up to 20 DOD launch attempts of which 12 successfully attained orbit and provided extremely useful research and development data.

You will recall that the fiscal year 1960 funding for Department of Defense space projects was about $400 million. For fiscal year 1961, the funding was slightly under $2 billion. In the fiscal year 1962 R.D.T. & E. budget that has been submitted to the Congress, approximately $850 million is provided for military space projects.

A word of explanation is needed here because one cannot directly relate the $12 billion in fiscal year 1961 with the $850 million in 1962. The reason for this is that within the broad scope of research and development conducted in many technical areas, efforts are applicable to atmospheric as well as space environment systems. This year we have tried to estimate what portion of the funding in these broad areas is devoted primarily to space systems. On the same basis, while the Atlantic and Pacific Ranges support missile firings primarily, we have tried to estimate the portion of these supporting expenses that should be applied to space activities. The $850 million represents those projects which can be directly charged to space effort as well as estimates of the space-related portions of others not so clearly identifiable. I have a chart which illustrates the breakdown within the total.

The CHAIRMAN. Can all of the members see the chart?

Dr. YORK. Let me finish reading this and then we can refer to the chart.

You will note that the Air Force programs constitute about 87 percent of the total Department of Defense effort. The other two bars show the effort of the Army and the Navy. That fraction shown in blue is actually spent through the Air Force. This is for procurement of launches.

Therefore, the total amount of money spent in the Department of Defense on space programs, either directly by the Air Force or through the Air Force, is 91 percent and 9 percent divided roughly equally between the Army and Navy is

Mr. MILLER. What are the two in the Navy?

Dr. YORK. What is shown here are three items. The top is Transit, which is the Navy's navigational satellite program. The middle bar is the Pacific Missile Range. The Pacific Missile Range costs in the order of $100 million a year. We estimate that about $30 million of that can be ascribed to the space program. And that is what this is. Actually, that $30 million is spent nearly all in support of Air Force programs. You could include that also with the Air Force, in which case their effort would be about 95 percent.

Mr. MILLER. Would you read the designations in the Air Force. Some of our eyes are not so good.

Dr. YORK. This is called HETS. It is the Air Force's Scout program.

The CHAIRMAN. How do I spell that?

Dr. YORK. H-E-T-S, which stands for Hyper Environmental Test System.

Space Track Atlantic Missile Range, that part which is described in support of space. And a big block at the top which is somewhat arbitrary in size labeled, "Basic Applied Research," et cetera.

The CHAIRMAN. Could you state at that point what money and what projects are not being spent through the Air Force? Nine percent?

Dr. YORK. That is this piece of Transit. Part of Transit is spent through the Air Force. That is the procurement of vehicles. Part is spent directly by the Navy. The Pacific Missile Range is funded by the Navy.

The CHAIRMAN. That is all of the Navy. What about the Army? Dr. YORK. The Navy also has certain studies and experiments which they call "other astronautics," but which are not what you would commonly think of as astronautics. It includes their Moon relay, which is a radio system using the Moon as a bounce. In the Army there is the Advent program of which about half is spent for vehicles through the Air Force and about half is spent otherwise. The CHAIRMAN. At this point, Doctor, we have some new members on the committee. Even for us old members at times we have to ask you what these initials stand for.

I am wondering if one of your people couldn't take each one of these projects to which you refer and give the full nomenclature for each one with a designation of the type of the project.

Dr. YORK. Do you want that in the record or do you want it right now?

The CHAIRMAN. We want it so we can give it to each member of the committee so he could have that material and go over it

Dr. YORK. You would like it in writing?

The CHAIRMAN. I would appreciate it.

The following material is provided in response to the request made of Dr. York on page 20 of the stenographic transcript of the hearings before the Committee on Science and Astronautics, February 16, 1961. The request pertains to the definition of names and initials cited at the hearing.

ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Advent: A research and development communications satellite project intended to demonstrate the feasibility of instantaneous repeaters located at a fixed position above the Earth, revolving at the same speed as the Earth. This development should provide broad band, point to point communications and ground to aircraft communications.

Agena: A satellite vehicle developed in the Discoverer program. The initial vehicle was known as the Agena A. Subsequent development resulted in the Agena B satellite vehicle which has improved the payload carrying capability. The Agena is a general purpose satellite vehicle used in many Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and Space Administration programs.

AMR: Atlantic Missile Range is one of three national missile ranges and is operated by the Department of the Air Force. It is the test support complex used primarily for research and development testing of ballistic missiles and space vehicles. It consists of launching facilities located in the area of Cape Canaveral, Fla., together with tracking facilities and instrumentation extending generally eastward and southeastward over the Atlantic Ocean from Cape Canaveral to 90° East longitude at which point it joins the Pacific Missile Range. Courier: A research and development communications satellite project which demonstrated the feasibility of a delayed repeater satellite.

Discoverer: A basic research and development satellite project, the objective of which is to develop the satellite vehicle, to test propulsion, components, guidance and control and capsule recovery techniques.

Dyna-Soar: A joint Department of Defense-National Aeronautics Space Administration project, financed and administered by the Department of Defense, to construct and test a manned, maneuverable aerospace vehicle to explore hypersonic flight up to orbital speeds.

GREB: Gallactic Radiation Experiment, Background. A solar radiation satellite experiment launched pick-a-pack on Transit to measure solar activity in the X-ray and ultra violet radiation bands.

HETS: Hyper Environmental Test System. A project to develop, test, and standardize an economical, versatile, and reliable test vehicle-to improve components, systems, and specified techniques relating to military space activities and ballistic missile development.

Midas Missile Defense Alarm System. A research and development satellite project to develop a reliable operational satellite-borne missile defense alarm system. The technique used is to orbit payloads having infrared detection scanners that detect the launching of ballistic missiles.

PMR: Pacific Missile Range is one of three national missile ranges and is operated by the Department of the Navy. It is a composite test complex which provides for research and development testing of a variety of missiles and space vehicles with orbiting requirements (primarily polar orbits) which cannot be accommodated at AMR. It is also used for evaluation of operational missiles and for the operational training of missile crews. The PMR extends westward over the Pacific Ocean from California to the 90° E. longitude line.

Saint: Satellite interceptor, a research and development satellite project intended to develop and to demonstrate a rendezvous and inspection satellite capability. It is intended to place inspection payloads in orbit in close proximity to specified targets.

Samos: A research and development satellite project. The objective is to determine capabilities for making observations of the Earth from the satellites. Spacetrack: National Space Surveillance Control Center, located at Bedford, Mass. The primary functions are to calculate orbital elements of all satellites, to maintain a catalog of these elements and to make appropriate distribution of this information. Spacetrack together with Spasur are being integrated into the Continental Defense System under the operational control of the Commander in Chief of the North American Air Defense Command.

Spasur: Space surveillance system, a network of tracking stations which can detect and determine the orbit of objects in space which pass over the United States, independent of whether or not such objects are sending out signals. Transit: A research and development satellite project. The objective is to develop a satellite navigational system to provide reliable all-weather navigational fixes for ships and aircraft all over the world.

WSMR White Sands Missile Range is the third of the three national missile ranges and is operated by the Department of the Army. A complex of launch, tracking, and instrumentation facilities, primarily for research and development of short-range missiles compatible with its geographic limits. It is located en