But those that sought it I could wish more Christians;
Be what they will, I heartily forgive them :

Yet let them look they glory not in mischief,
Nor build their evils on the graves of great men,
For then my guiltless blood must cry against them.
For further life in this world I ne'er hope,

Nor will I sue, although the king have mercies

More than I dare make faults. You few that loved me, And dare be bold to weep for Buckingham,

His noble friends and fellows whom to leave

Is only bitter to him, only dying,

Go with me, like good angels, to my end;
And, as the long divorce of steel falls on me,
Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,

And lift my soul to heaven. Lead on, o' God's name.
Lovell. I do beseech your grace, for charity,

If ever any malice in your heart

Were hid against me, now to forgive me frankly.
Buck. Sir Thomas Lovell, I as free forgive you
As I would be forgiven; I forgive all;

There cannot be those numberless offences
'Gainst me, I can't take peace with: no black envy
Shall make my grave. Commend me to his grace;
And if he speak of Buckingham, pray, tell him
You met him half in heaven: my vows and prayers
Yet are the king's, and, till my soul forsake me,
Shall cry for blessings on him: may he live
Longer than I have time to tell his years!
Ever beloved and loving may his rule be!
And when old time shall lead him to his end,

Goodness and he fill up one monument!

Lovell. To the water side I must conduct your grace,

Then give my charge up to Sir Nicholas Vaux,

Who undertakes you to your end.

Vaux. Prepare there!

The Duke is coming: see the barge be ready;

And fit it with such furniture as suits

The greatness of his person.

Buck. Nay, Sir Nicholas,

Let it alone; my state now will but mock me.

When I came hither I was Lord High Constable
And Duke of Buckingham; now poor Edward Bohun.
Yet I am richer than my base accusers,

That never knew what truth meant: I now seal it;
And with that blood will make them one day groan for❜t.
My noble father, Henry of Buckingham,

Who first raised head against usurping Richard,
Flying for succour to his servant, Banister,
Being distress'd, was by that wretch betrayed,
And without trial, fell; God's peace be with him!
Henry the seventh succeeding, truly pitying
My father's loss, like a most royal prince,
Restored me to my honours, and out of ruins
Made my name once more noble. Now his son,
Henry the Eighth, life, honour, name, and all
That made me happy, at one stroke has taken
For ever from the world. I had my trial,
And, must needs say, a noble one; which makes me
A little happier than my wretched father;
Yet thus far we are one in fortunes-both

Fell by our servants, by those men we loved most;
A most unnatural and faithless service!

Heaven has an end in all: yet, you that hear me,
This from a dying man receive as certain :

Where you are liberal of your loves and counsels,
Be sure you be not loose; for those you make friends,
And give your hearts to, when they once perceive
The least rub in your fortunes, fall away

Like water from ye, never found again

But where they mean to sink ye. All good people, Pray for me! I must now forsake ye: the last hour Of my long weary life is come upon me.

Farewell.

And when you would say something that is sad, Speak how I fell. I have done; and God forgive me! -Shakespeare's Henry the Eighth.

CAPILLARY ATTRACTION.

THE Latin word for a hair, such as the hairs of the head, is capillus, and a word derived from this has been applied to any tubes of which the bore is exceedingly small. When, therefore, any of our readers meet with the term capillary tube, they will understand that, although the term bears a very learned sound with it, yet it means nothing more than a fine hair-like tube. Glass tubes can be made less than one-hundredth part of an inch in diameter, and these are called capillary tubes. The term, however, is often applied to tubes considerably thicker than a hair.

Such tubes exhibit peculiar effects on liquids contained in them, and on liquids into which they are immersed. We all know that a liquid, under general circumstances, maintains a constant level at every part of its surface; and if we dip into a liquid a broad tube, open at both ends, such as a lamp-glass, the liquid will rise inside that tube to the same height as the level of the surface of the liquid outside, but no higher. These are circumstances with which we are so familiar, that we take no note of them; but when we thrust a tube of very small bore into a liquid, the liquid rises in the tube, but not always to the same height as the exterior surface of the liquid, sometimes higher, and at other times lower.

The circumstance, or the property, which leads the liquid to rise to a greater or less height, is called capillary attraction; and the four little sections in fig. 1, will serve to illustrate examples of this kind of attraction.

If we have two glass tubes of equal size, A and B, which are stopped at the lower ends, and if we pour mercury (that is quicksilver) into A, and water into B, we shall generally find that the surface of the mercury in A, will be round, or convex, or swelled upwards, while the surface of

Fig. 1.

B

the water in B, will be sunken, or hollowed, or

concave. Now this difference arises from the different way in which glass is affected towards the two fluids. Mercury and glass have a sort of repulsion for each other; they act as if they did not wish to come together. If we drop a little mercury on a piece of glass it will not spread like water, but will remain as a small globe of mercury, so as to touch the glass as little as possible. Now it is for that reason that the top of the mercury in the tube is convex; the tube drives or repels the mercury from it, so that the later is accumulated in a heap in the middle of the tube.

A line drawn across the top of the little mound of mercury shows how much it is depressed at the sides of that mound, on account of the repulsion of the glass. With the tube, B, however, it is different. Water and glass have an attraction, or, if we may use the term, a liking for each other, and the glass draws the water towards it whenever an opportunity occurs. If we drop a little water on a clean piece of glass, it does not remain in globular drops like the mercury, but spreads out, as if to gain as large a surface of contact with the glass as possible. Now such is the case in the tube. The sides of the tube draw the water towards it all round, so that the centre is deprived of some of its water, and becomes depressed or concave. If we draw

a line across the centre of the surface of the water, we find that there is a considerable portion above the level near the sides of the tube.

Suppose, now, that the tubes were a little larger than these, and that very small, or capillary tubes, were thrust down the middle of them, C will represent the effect when mercury is the liquid employed, and D when the liquid is water. If C be partly filled with mercury before the small tube is inserted, the surface will be convex, as before described; and on immersing the small tube, mercury will ascend into it, but not to the same height as the level of the mercury in the outer tube, and the mercury in both tubes will be convex at the surface. Here then we see that mercury, in accordance with the general principles that regulate liquids,

ascends the inner tube, in order to gain the same level as the mercury in the outer tube; but it receives such a check from the repulsion which the glass manifests towards it, that it cannot attain that level, but remains at a lower level, as in the figure, C. Let us now turn to D. When water is poured into this tube, and the small tube immersed in the water, the water rises to the latter, not only to the same level as in the outer tube but still higher, while the surface of the water is concave, thus shewing in two different ways an attraction between the glass and the water; for, after the water has ascended in the inner tube to the same level as in the outer, by the exercise of the ordinary property of liquids, it ascends still higher, by the attraction of the sides of the inner tube operating to draw it upwards. If the inner tube be not more than one hundredth of an inch in diameter, the water ascends in this way, by capillary attraction alone, as much as four inches.

In fig. 2, we have the same facts proved by a different mode of illustration. Let A represent water, and A B, two small balls (made of any solid material which can be wetted by water), placed upon the liquid surface, or suspended so as to touch and sink a little below such surface. When the balls are placed near each other, there will be a hollow, concave space between them, formed by the depression of the water, as shewn at A B in the figure, and resembling the concave at B and at D, in fig. 1. If now, by means of a feather, we wet the parts of the balls near the arrows, the water will flow up above the level, in the direction of the arrows, and wet the balls nearly to the top. If we move the balls nearer to each other in the direction of the arrows, the concave space between them will become more hollow.

Fig. 2.

In B, fig. 2, we have mercury, into which the balls

S. VI.

P