QUESTIONS.-What three things are to be prized above all other acquirements? To whom do colleges and mechanics' institutes give education? What is most needed besides? Who were Homer and Virgil? What did they write? What is an academy, and why is it so called?

QUESTIONS.-Of what is water composed? What are they? In what three forms is matter found? Which substance is found in all three? What two opposite forces act on all bodies? Explain them. What effect has heat on particles? What causes water to change its form, and how? What would have happened if the heat of the earth had been a little greater or a little less? At what heat will quicksilver boil? What happens when water freezes? Why are not the fish frozen to death?

BRITISH FREEDOM (PAGE 213).

Dark-obscure. Salutary bands checks.

.

Shakespeare a great writer of

pressing perpendicularly upon its base, and the same thickness as its base, as a column of water, &c.

moveo, move) a movement, agitation, disorder.

plays, born at Stratford-on-Commotion (Latin, con, together; Avon, 1564, died 1616. Milton-a great sacred poet who went blind. He wrote Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Born in London, 1608, died 1674.

Paradoxical - that which seems to be contrary to common sense, and contrary to received opinions.

Solved (Latin, solvo, to loose)— clear up what is obscure, explain what is difficult.

Tantalus a king of Lydia in Asia Minor, who was condemned to be plunged into water with choice fruits hanging close to his face, which was so fastened that he could neither reach them nor the water, from which comes the word tantalize. Exterior (Latin, exterior, outer)— on the outside of the outward surface.

QUESTIONS.-What blessing has flowed unchecked to us "from dark antiquity"? How should we keep it? Who were Shakespeare and Milton? What is the most level surface we know? What use do we make of it? What is a spiritlevel, and how used? Why are liquids level? Explain fig. 1. Why is the basin never full? What is the "cup of Tantalus;" how is it made? Who was Tantalus?

THE FLAME OF A CANDLE-PART I.-(PAGE 216).

Chemistry here used for the
composition and the law by
which it is produced, and by
which it acts.
Experiment (Latin, experior, to
try)-a trial; an attempt de-
signed to discover some prin-
ciple or effect, or to exhibit it
when discovered.

Wick-a number of threads of

cotton loosely twisted together, by which the melted tallow in candles is drawn up to be burnt; it is so called from an old Saxon word meaning alive, a corruption of the word quick. Devices artificial contrivances, patterns, or emblems. Effectually-successfully, producing the intended effect.

Chandelier (Latin, candeo, to shine) | Vitiated (Latin, vitium, a fault)—

-a frame, with branches for candles, suspended from the ceiling. Languidly (Latin, langueo, to droop)-weakly, feebly, dimly.

rendered faulty, impure, or defective.

Luminosity (Latin, lumen, light) -brightness, the quality of being bright or shining.

QUESTIONS-Describe a candle. What is meant by its chemistry? What makes the flame oval? Prove flame cannot exist without air. Why does the flame go out under a tumbler? Where in a flame is the pressure of air strongest? Why do gas flames turn upwards, when the jet sticks straight out? How did the ancients mark a flame and water? How is the cup formed round melted tallow? Why do candles run and gutter in a very hot room? Why do those at the bottom burn better than those at the top of a chandelier? How does the tallow rise up the wick? What is the wick? How does it have capil lary attraction?

DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM--(PAGE 220). Premises-the grounds or proposi- | Lord High Constable - formerly tions on which a conclusion is the seventh officer of the formed.

Long divorce of steel-the axe

of the executioner, which is to separate the soul from the body. o'-put for "of " or "in." Furniture-here used for ornaments or materials for insuring comfort.

Loose-lax, too open or confiding.

crown; he had the care of the common peace, and was a judge of the court of chivalry; its power was so improperly used that it was abridged in the reign of Richard II., and forfeited at the execution of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, 1521.

QUESTIONS.-What was the name of this Duke of Buckingham? What was his office? When and why was it given up? What was Buckingham's prayer for the king? Who was the king? What good advice did Buckingham give?

CAPILLARY ATTRACTION-(PAGE 223).

Immersed-plunged or sunk. Manifests-shows, displays. Elevation (Latin, e, out; levo, to raise) the act of raising or conveying from a lower to a higher level.

Depression (Latin, de, down; pre-
mo, to press)-the act of sink-
ing or being pressed down; a
hollow or falling-in of a surface.
Stationary (Latin, sto, stand)—
standing still.

Filaments (Latin, filum, a thread)
-threads, fibres.
Perceptible (Latin, percipio, to
perceive) that which can be
perceived by any of the senses.
Hyperbola-properly the arch or
curved line described by any-

thing shot up from the ground, in its course through the air, from its starting point to its fall. Adhere (Latin, ad, to; hæro, stick) -to stick or attach itself to. Repulsion (Latin, re, back; pello, to drive) that power by which

bodies are made to recede or retire from each other. Predicting (Latin, pre, before; dico, to say)-foretelling, or declaring beforehand that any event may or will take place. Bore--the hole made by boring, the cavity or hollow of a cylinder or tube.

Mutilated (Latin, mutilo, to cut off)-cut or broken off, deprived of a limb.

Animal fluids the liquids of the body, such as blood, &c. Processes (Latin, pro, forwards;

cedo, to move)-means of movement or motion; projections or prolongations.

QUESTIONS.-What is a capillary tube? To what height does liquid rise in a tube? How may it rise higher? What is the difference in the surface of water and mercury in a tube, and what causes it? Explain fig. 2. What happens if we move the balls on? What difference does it make whether we dip one plate of glass or two into water? Explain figs. 3 and 4. How does a lump of sugar or a sponge prove capillary attraction? What is its effect in trees and in our bodies?

THE FLAME OF A CANDLE-PART II.—(PAge 231).

Illustration (Latin, in, in; lustro,
to shine) explanation render-
ing clear what is obscure.
Patient (Latin, patior, suffer)—
quietly persevering, calmly dili-
gent.
Agitate (Latin, agito, stir)-dis-
turb, or stir violently, shake or
move briskly.

Links torches made of tow, twisted lightly together and

steeped in pitch (still used in London fogs).

Flambeaux-lights made of thick wicks (usually of coarse hemp yarn about three feet long) covered with wax; before the introduction of gas they were commonly used in the streets for lighting people to and from their houses, and at illuminations.

YOUNG CHEMIST (PAGE 233).

Embers-cinders or smouldering remains of wood or coal, &c., when they have ceased to blaze.

Laboratory-a room constructed and fitted up for carrying on chemical experiments.

QUESTIONS.-What causes the dark spot in a flame of candle? Prove it is smoke? How can you make it burn and get two flames from the same candle? What does the experiment with the card show? How can a blown-out candle be lighted again by air? What does that show? Why do we use bellows to a fire? What raises the heat of a red ember till it blazes.

HEAT (PAGE 235).

Infuses (Latin, in, into; fundo, to pour)-thrusts in, penetrates, instils.

Inseparable (Latin, in, not; separo,
to separate) not able to be
separated.

Resistless energies-forces or ac-
tivities that cannot be resisted.
Function (Latin, fungor, to per-
form a duty) - the duties or
office of any part or organ of
animal bodies.
Excess (Latin, ex, out; cedo, to
pass) that which goes beyond,
or surpasses the average.

near contact, on account of some quality in it injurious to those who draw near to it. Denominate (Latin, nomen, name) -call, give the name to. Relative that which has relation to something else. Absolute-independent, belonging to itself alone.

Bulb (Latin, bulbus, a round root) -used of anything round at the foot of a stem, like an onion or turnip.

Sensible distance--at such a dis-
tance as to be felt.

Diffuse (Latin, dis, asunder; fundo,
to pour out)-spread, extending
in all directions.
Operating (Latin, opera, a work)—
working or acting.

Transmitted (Latin, trans, across;
mitto, to send)-sent from one
person or thing to another."
Philosophically correct exactly
accurate, according to science.
Established-set up, or fixed.

QUESTIONS.-For what are we indebted to heat? What is meant by caloric What is cold? What do we mean by temperature? When is it said to be higher or lower? What is latent heat? How is heat communicated? Distinguish between radiation and conduction. By which is the heat from a fire communicated to us? Explain why. What do we mean by good conductors? Name some of the best. Of what use is this knowledge of conduction ?

(MATTER (PAGE 240).

Indestructible (Latin, in, not; de- | Applications (Latin, ad, to; plico, struo, destroy)- unable to be to fold)-uses or means of emdestroyed. ployment. Perpetual motion

movement effected or supplied by itself without any impulse to cause it. Inclined (Latin, in, into; clino, to bend)-bending towards an object, leaning, slanting. Fulcrum (Latin, fulcio, to prop)the prop or support upon which a lever rests.

Ultimate (Latin, ultimus, the last)
-last, furthest, final.
Expenditure (Latin, ex, out; pendo,
to weigh) properly the weigh-
ing out of stores for use; so, the
laying out or use of anything.
Contrivances
things invented
or planned, instruments, appli-

ances.

QUESTIONS.-What is matter, and what are materials? Name some. Why cannot we make matter or destroy it? Prove we cannot. What is force ? Why cannot we either make or destroy it? Name contrivances for increasing force. Do they make or increase force? What is an inclined plane? a lever? If we can raise a heavier weight with them than without, how is it we have not made more force? Explain how heavier weights are raised by adding more pulleys. Show that they are all levers.

THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY—(PAGE 244).

Deviation (Latin, de, from; via,

the way) turning away from
the straight line.
Suspending (Latin, sub, under;
pendeo, to hang)-hanging any-
thing downwards.

Stable (Latin, sto, stand)-fixed,
settled, immovable.
Equilibrium (Latin, equa, equal;
libra, a balance) equally
weighted or balanced. Stable

66

equilibrium "is the position (of a body resting upon another body) to which it naturally returns when slightly moved. Homogeneous-of the same kind or nature; consisting of similar parts or elements.

Centre of magnitude-that point in a body which is equally distant from all the similar external parts of it.