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neither is the accounting system in the Pentagon. It is in that order of magnitude. This work is underway at approximately 26 Army locations, by 29 other Government agencies, and in over 550 American laboratories and universities. Basic research is crucial. It is the chief determinant of how the weapon art will progress in coming decades. The Army will continue to stress this type of work; it is the key to future development-to victory in peace and war. Breakthroughs in research today will perhaps do more toward reshaping favorably the world's balance of power tomorrow than any other field of single accomplishments.

The potential industrial applications of our gigantic Government industry- and university-sponsored research effort constitute a great national asset. It is an acknowledged policy of the U.S.S.R. to tie their future world position, both military and commercial, to technology and their ability to exploit science. Although less clearly stated this is and must be our policy as well and it is incumbent on all of us to make certain that we have the appropriate environment, planning and management-and I stress planning and managementat the higher levels of Government to most effectively use our technological might for both defense and peace in the highly competitive world ahead.

Turning now to the role of the Army in space. In addition to our purely scientific space efforts-space is, and must continue to be a useful tool of the national and free world defense effort. Space, however, is a medium just as is the Earth's surface, the ocean, or the air-which can be used to accomplish the mission of a particular service. The Army has a definite interest in space technology especially in the field of communications, geodesy, and meteorology, and has real and justifiable programs in all these areas. I am the Army member-at-large of the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board, which was a Board established to coordinate activities between the Department of Defense and NASA.

I will now turn briefly to the general areas of Army interest in our applied research and development effort in the classic fields of military endeavor-communications, mobility and firepower. For a time our progress in firepower completely outstripped communications and mobility. But that picture is changing, particularly in the field of communications. Advances here have enabled the Army to increase its command and control capabilities to the degree now required by mobility and dispersion. Included in this area also are the surveillance drones that will penetrate enemy lines to send or bring back information of the enemy. Here a wide variety of sensors-radar, automatic camera, and infrared, seismic devices are being studied and adapted for drone use.

In the area of mobility the Army has great need for progress. On the ground we look to the Goer-type of equipment used in commercial earth-moving and heavy construction work where large wheels and tires give true off-road mobility. Other combat vehicles are also under development.

Now, paradoxically, for better ground or battlefield mobility, we are concentrating on the air. We find we must look to the air to attain the revolutionary improvement we require in mobility for ground forces. We are working to develop aircraft that will fly close to the

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surface of the Earth yet permit the combat soldier of tomorrow to overcome normal terrain obstacles, such as mud, swamps, rivers, and forests. Again I would say our recent experience, as we all know from the newspapers, in the Congo indicate the importance of this type of activity.

In the field of firepower, we are improving our tube artillery-as it still retains its vital importance for close-support and for delivery of conventional fire continuously and under any weather conditions. We are developing many types of improved guided missiles and rockets to supplement or replace those that we have now. Among these are Sergeant and Pershing, both surface-to-surface missiles being developed to fire at ground targets.

To meet an important mission in the air defense of our troops and people, we have under development both a shoulder-fired missile called Redeye, for the combat soldier to use against attacking aircraft and the amazingly effective Hawk missile for employment by field units against low-flying aerial targets.

Scheduled for production in this fiscal year is the Davy Crockett, the Army's new battle group atomic delivery system, highly mobile. This revolutionary weapon is essentially a recoilless rifle capable of delivering a powerful punch with either nuclear or high-explosive warhead. Its ground mobility is excellent and we can airlift it to action by helicopter.

Since Nike-Zeus is a high priority program of national importance, I will give you a condensed progress report. This is a topic that we discussed with your committee in some detail last year, Mr. Chairman. I am sure the members of this committee are quite familiar with NikeZeus and its history. I shall therefore confine my remarks to those significant developments in this program which have occurred during the past year, in terms of program changes, technical accomplishments, and future requirements. As you gentlemen know, the NikeZeus program has been reoriented to a research and development test designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system against various types of future threats. During the past year the program has been expanded from its original concept of using Jupiter missiles fired from Johnston Island as targets for Zeus to its present concept of a cooperative effort between all three services where the Army with its Zeus installations on Kwajalein Island will use the facilities of the Navy in its Pacific Missile Range and will fire at targets supplied by the Air Force and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, in California. These targets will be basically Atlas missiles, some of which will be purchased, modified and fired specifically in support of the Zeus tests and others which will be used jointly by the Air Force in their combat training program and by the Army in its Zeus demonstration program.

Now for a general rundown on the technical progress we have made: The power of all of our radars has been greatly increased, and the frequency of one has been increased to enhance the overall effectiveness of the system. The Zeus missile has been simplified in design by eliminating components and repackaging others; this change has resulted not only in greatly increased performance but also in increased reliability. In addition, some of the computers for Zeus have now been in operation for almost a year and have demonstrated

a reliability at least one order of magnitude better than that of any other computer of which we are aware. All of these technical advances have increased the capabilities of the Nike-Zeus system and in some areas have, we believe, decreased its cost.

I would like now to discuss the impact of recent international relations and developments on possible future requirements for the NikeZeus system. In looking back over the developments of the past year, several conclusions become evident to me and I emphasize that in this respect I speak for myself and not for the Department of Defense. 1. There is and continues to be an urgent requirement of an antimissile defense for the North American Continent.

2. Zeus is the only possible system which can be produced and deployed within the next decade.

3. The threat is a massive, all-out nuclear missile attack, and in addition--this is recent-the threat of one or two missiles launched by mistake, a few (one or two or three or four) missiles launched by a third country and, perhaps the threat of a very small number of undetected or allowed ICBM's which may exist as a result of an all-out or partial arms control. It is against these latter types of threats that the Nike-Zeus system would be most effective even at a reduced deployment level.

In view of the particular interest of the committee in our national space effort, I welcome this opportunity to express my personal views on two other subjects.

In this post-Sputnik era, our country has suddenly and quite properly become intrigued with "space," its exploration, and military and civilian applications. In many instances, however, projects have been launched prematurely without full recognition of the technical difficulties involved, the probability of success, or the time or total funds required. Space is a new and exciting medium for our scientists and industrialists, but the fact remains that this country does have finite resources. It is, therefore, essential that greater emphasis be placed on coordination of our national effort and the development of improved long-range plans. In this area, we must make every effort to keep the public fully informed with a more realistic presentation of our current and proposed progress. Our experience to date in the successful launching of complicated space vehicles certainly demonstrates that there is no substitute for experience in any particular system and this experience comes only with time, patience, and adequate funding.

While the Army's role in space activities is very minor compared with that of the Air Force or NASA, speaking first as an American and a modest taxpayer, I am concerned with the total space expenditures of our country. From my viewpoint, a billion dollars is still a billion dollars, regardless of whether assigned to one Government agency or another. I would remind you, that our total national space expenditure approaches $2 billion per year, and I am certain that expenditures in years to come will be many times this figure if we are to continue many of the programs now in their initial and less expensive stages of development.

While I recognize the need for this country to maintain a position of scientific and technical leadership in any new and promising area of science and technology, the total Army research and development

budget is approximately $1 billion, and half is committed to missiles, for the most part to four missile programs. The remaining $500 million must serve to meet our needs for general war as well as increased emphasis on firepower and mobility for limited war. In short, we must view our overall national space effort in terms of a reasonable percentage of the total national economy and defense effort.

Our military departments, as well as our scientific and industrial communities, in many instances, overemphasized the glamorous aspects of space and, not unnaturally in view of the increased availability of funds for programs in this new and exciting medium. I want to emphasize that the Army looks upon space solely as a medium in which more appropriately to perform its tasks on the surface of the Earth. On the basis of careful review, and where necessary, after appropriate action by my office, the Army is no longer engaged in any projects inconsistent with this philosophy or any which are not reasonably consistent with the state of technology. As has been indicated, there are several real, specific, and useful applications of space, both of a military and nonmilitary nature, i.e., in the fields of observation, geodesy, communications, and meteorology. By assignment from the Department of Defense, the Army has responsibility for this country's principal communications satellite effort, which in the present state of our knowledge represents by far the single most important combined military and civilian space application.

At the present time I am very much concerned with our policy in the satellite communication field, and I would like briefly to review my thoughts on the subject in the hope that this background may be useful in future congresssional deliberations:

(1) Communications satellites for military and civilian applications are essentially indistinguishable one from the other.

(2) Any research and development effort directed toward ultimate operation of a useful worldwide communications satellite system will involve ultimate expenditure of several hundred million dollars, probably $500 million.

(3) This country cannot justify more than one national effort in the active communications satellite area.

I believe that industry is now prepared to take a substantial lead in demonstrating, with both management talents and funds, its interest in ultimate operation of communications satellites, whether their usebe military or civilian.

Gentlemen, I have given you a broad outline of our activities and some personal comment about this effort as a backdrop for subsequent presentations and the detailed questions I am sure you have.

Thank you.

I will be glad to answer any questions that I can.

The CHAIRMAN. Under the arrangement we have agreed on heretofore, before we ask you some questions-and I am sure all have questions to ask you-we would like to have the statement of General Trudeau. I think everyone here has a copy of his statement. Following that, we will have questions.

General Trudeau, we will be very happy to have your statement.. First we will place into the record your biographical statement.

(The biographical sketch is as follows:)

Arthur Gilbert Trudeau is a native of Middlebury, Vt. He was graduated from U.S. Military Academy in 1924 and commissioned a second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. Prior to World War II he served with various Engineer units of the Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserves, and on river and harbor duty.

In 1942 General Trudeau became the Chief of Staff of the Engineer Amphibian Command. After brief service in the Southwest Pacific in 1942, planning amphibious operations, he returned to the United States to organize and command the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade, then served as Deputy and later Director of Military Training, Army Service Forces. He was promoted to the grade of brigadier general in 1944.

After V-E Day General Trudeau returned to the Pacific, as G-3, AFWESPAC, and later commanded Base X, Manila, for the support of planned assaults on Japan.

In 1946 he returned to Washington as Chief, Manpower Control Group, General Staff. In 1950, after commanding the 1st Constabulary Brigade in Germany for 2 years, he served as the first Deputy Commandant of the reactivated Army War College.

During the Korean war, General Trudeau served in Japan as commanding general, 1st Cavalry Division, and in Korea as commanding general, 7th Infantry Division. After the armistice he was returned to Washington as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. In 1955 he returned to the Far East as Deputy Chief of Staff, Far East, and United Nations Command. One year later he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned command of the I Corps (Group) in Korea. On April 1, 1958, he assumed his present post of Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army.

In addition to a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy, General Trudeau holds an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California and honorary degrees of LL.D. from Seattle University, Middlebury College, and the University of Michigan and Eng. D. from Manhattan College.

Among his U.S. decorations are the Distinguished Service Metal (with Oak Leaf Cluster), the Silver Star (with Oak Leaf Cluster), the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star, and the Air Medal. Additionally, he has been awarded foreign decorations by Belgium, Ethiopia, Colombia, Korea, Japan, and the United Nations.

STATEMENT BY LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, USA, CHIEF OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

General TRUDEAU. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I am am Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army. I should like to report to you on the Army's research and development program with particular emphasis on the use of space to accomplish our mission of national defense. Mr. Morse has covered the nature and extent of the Army research and development effort as well as brought you up to date on the status of some of our more important areas of investigation and projects. My purpose today is to place the space environment in its proper military perspective, and to discuss certain Army requirements and programs for space and for other significant portions of the research and development program.

I am particularly pleased to appear before you at a time when I feel that a new sense of urgency has gripped our Government and, I hope, our people. I have sensed a new feeling of determination flowing through the legislative and executive branches-and it is most fortunate that it comes at this time. Faced as we are by the mask of communism, we cannot afford to do less than seriously review and modernize our programs, and then act aggressively and enthusiastically to carry them out. We must keep the national se

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