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Question. Have I interpreted your statement correctly on page 3, near the bottom, that you do not believe that all of space activities in the Department of Defense should be turned over to the Air Force?

Answer. I believe that space is too important to be entrusted to one service. The advantages that can accrue to all services, and hence, to the United States from the use of space, are so great that no service's present and potential capability should be eliminated by ruling that service out of participation in future space programs. In summary, I believe that it would be particularly unwise to entrust space developments to a military service when all three services have real talent and competency in this field. The Nation's military space program can best be pursued by a joint agency under the Department of Defense, equally staffed by all services, and whose command is rotated every few years among the three services. No unprofitable duplication of effort need be permitted and coordination with NASA could be maximized.

Question. Do I gather that you do not yet see a military mission in deep space? Should deep space research be left to NASA, or shared at the Department of Defense level?

How

Answer. There is not yet a specific military mission for deep space. ever, it is most likely that there ultimately will be such missions. Certainly, during our generation there will be manned operations on, and in the vicinity of, the Moon as well as in space closer to the Earth. In the past, any physical region where human beings have been able to penetrate from the depths of the ocean to the upper reaches of our atmosphere, as well as impenetrable regions of this globe-have become areas of military operations. For this reason military missions will undoubtedly follow human penetration of new regions.

NASA's role in this should be similar to its role in other elements of space, namely, performing the basic and supporting research so necessary as a foundation to the development of practical systems. NASA also should have a role in the development of necessary hardware for space research, but the criterion here should be research rather than practical operations.

Question. What is the relationship of the Army's assigned roles and missions to the space environment? How can this relationship be better carried out by centralized management of space? What are the Army's requirements for space systems? What special competence does the Army have in conducting communications, geodesy, surveillance, and reconnaissance by space system?

Answer. In February 1959 the Army issued a letter to major commands outlining the official Army interest, capability, and role in space. Basically, the Army position has been that knowledge of space is extremely limited and only just recently have major efforts begun to obtain such knowledge including such vital matters as electromagnetic fields, radiation. Because of the largely unknown nature of this medium and the vast efforts required to broaden our knowledge, a national effort is in order. Military uses of this medium will depend upon scientific knowledge yet to be gained, future technical developments and capabilities, and evolving strategic and tactical requirements; so will its nonmilitary use. Because of these factors no single service should be assigned the exclusive responsibility for space in either an operational or development role. Military organization should evolve to reflect changing technical capabilities and operational requirements instead of assignng space responsibility arbitrarily to one service when the separate organization of these services was based on entirely different considerations. A joint Defense Department effort as part of a national space program fully utilizes all capabilities and allows time and balanced judgment for organizational evolution of our Defense Establishment to meet changing requirements.

In March 1959, the Army established a set of 19 requirements in space. These requirements fall into three broad categories. The first consists of requirements to support more or less conventional roles on the ground. These include satellites for communication, observation, meteorology, and mapping. While these satellites could meet requirements for all services in their present missions, this situation is no different from the common requirements already existing for communications and logistical support.

Question. What does Nike-Zeus contribute to the Army's capabilities in space? Answer. (Off the record.)

Question. I realize that the Army has been allowed to keep Advent. Are there other space projects which the Army wants to have? Do you wish to have these on a unilateral basis solely, or in a joint or cooperative effort?

Answer. ***

Question. What have the Army's communications satellites contributed to progress in this area?

Answer. ✶ ✶ ✶

Question. Have there been any major developments in CBR warfare since the time the Army Chemical Corps testified to this committee? You have mentioned greater funding is being given. Is the urgency even greater?

Answer. ***

Question. What is the Army's R. & D. program in the chemical and biological field?

Answer. ✶ ✶

Mr. FULTON. General, had you thought of setting up a space department just like there is an Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps?

General TRUDEAU. I don't think that is necessary at all.

Mr. FULTON. Then we have all of you working in space as well as in your own particular jurisdictions.

General TRUDEAU. This is no more true than it is in defense communications or defense atomic efforts.

Mr. FULTON. Has the time come for a complete unification of the armed services under DOD?

General TRUDEAU. You have that relatively. You have joint efforts that are working very efficiently today.

Mr. FULTON. It seemed inherent in your statement that there was more unification that could be had in space in the Department of Defense because you want a unified military agency handling space. General TRUDEAU. We think as far as joint direction is concerned, that is correct, and so recommend.

12 now.

The CHAIRMAN. If there are no further questions, it is 2 minutes to The House will be in session in 2 minutes. I need not repeat I believe the hearing we have had this morning was tremendously important and certainly challenging. We are indebted to you gentlemen for coming here to help us.

The committee will meet Monday morning and we will hear the Navy at that time. Monday at 10 o'clock.

(Whereupon, at 12 noon, the committee recessed to reconvene at 10 a.m., Monday, February 20, 1961.)

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR DEFENSE

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1961

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND ASTRONAUTICS,

Washington, D.C.

The committee met at 10 a.m., Hon. Overton Brooks (chairman) presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will come to order.

Dr. Sheldon, would you tabulate the roll. There is no use to call the roll. We have a very full morning planned for the committee. This is the third day of our annual review of scientific and astronautical research in the Department of Defense. I might say that the final day of these hearings which had been scheduled for tomorrow will be moved to Wednesday, because we shall have business before the Rules Committee at that time.

The Air Force witnesses will be heard on Wednesday, February 22, at 10 a.m. Do you think we can get a good turnout for the Air Force on the 22d? Any suggestions from the committee?

We will go right ahead and then adjourn after Wednesday until Monday. There will be no hearings from Wednesday to Monday. That was agreed to ahead of time.

Today we have three prepared statements for the committee presented by the Navy. Our witnesses are the Honorable James H. Wakelin, Jr., Assistant Secretary for Research and Development; Vice Adm. John T. Hayward, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development; and Rear Adm. Thomas F. Connolly, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons, Pacific Missile Range and Astro

nautics.

Dr. Wakelin, we are glad to see you here again with these admirals. You are all well known to the committee. If you will proceed with your statement, Doctor, the committee will appreciate it. I might say that I think in the interest of saving time we might have the statements of all of the witnesses first, and then we can direct questions to them all together; if we need a composite view, why, we will let each witness answer each question. If one answer is sufficient, we will stop at that.

Mr. FULTON. We know Admiral Hayward started as an enlisted

man.

Have they yet promoted you to a physicist first class?
Admiral HAYWARD. I am still second class.

The CHAIRMAN. There is always a future, Admiral.

Dr. Wakelin, if you will proceed, then, with your statement. I think everybody on the committee has a copy of Secretary Wakelin's statement.

66947-61--6

77

His biographical sketch will be included in the record.

(The biography of Dr. Wakelin is as follows:)

JAMES H. WAKELIN, JB.

James H. Wakelin, Jr., was born in Holyoke, Mass., on May 6, 1911. He attended the public schools in Holyoke, graduating from high school in 1928. He received an A.B. degree in physics from Dartmouth College in 1932. During 1932-34 he attended Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, where he was granted a B.A. degree in the natural sciences in 1934 and an M.A. degree in 1939. Dr. Wakelin received his Ph. D. degree in physics from Yale University in 1940, where he specialized in the field of ferromagnetism.

During 1939-43 Dr. Wakelin was a senior physicist in the Physical Research Department of the B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. His work there was concerned with the structure and physical properties of natural and synthetic rubber, and with X-ray diffraction and electron microscope studies of high polymers. From 1943 to 1945 he was ordnance staff officer to the Coordinator of Research and Development, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. During 1945-46, as a lieutenant commander, USNR, he was head of the Chemistry, Mathematics, Mechanics, and Materials Sections of the Planning Division, Office of Research and Inventions, and was active in the planning and organization of the Navy's program to sponsor basic scientific research, now under the direction of the Office of Naval Research. Following World War II, Dr. Wakelin joined a group of former Navy research scientists in the establishment of Engineering Research Associates, Inc., of Washington, D.C., and St. Paul, Minn., and held the position of director of research. While with this company he was also director of the field survey group of ONR Project Squid under contract to Princeton University.

In 1948 he became associate director of research of the Textile Research Institute in Princeton, and in June 1951 was appointed director of research of the institute, serving in this capacity for 3 years.

In 1954 Dr. Wakelin established his own consulting business in Princeton and has been a conultant on research planning and organization to the Lamp Division, General Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Stanford Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.; American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., New York City; J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc., New York City; Frenchtown Porcelain Co. and Starr Porcelain Co., of Trenton, N. J.

He was one of the founders in 1954 of Chesapeake Instrument Corp., Shadyside, Md., established to conduct research and development for the Navy in the fields of underwater sound and acoustic devices. He has been a vice president and consultant of that company. During this period he was also a research associate on the staff of Textile Research Institute working on the structure and physical properties of high polymers under a program sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.

Dr. and Mrs. Wakelin, the former Margaret Cushing Smith of Concord, Mass., lived in Lawrenceville, N.J., for 10 years prior to Dr. Wakelin's accepting the position of Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development in July 1959. They have three boys: James H. III, who attends Wilbraham Academy; Alan B., who attends the Lawrenceville School; and David, who attends St. Albans School here in Washington.

The Wakelins were active with the Cub Scouts and the Parent Teachers Association in Lawrenceville and with the American Red Cross in Princeton. Dr. Wakelin served as president of the Nassau Club of Princeton in 1955 and as a member of the board of trustees, 1956-59; he is also vice president of the Fathers' Association of the Lawrenceville School. Mrs. Wakelin was active as a volunteer with the Princeton Hospital where she was chairman of the hospital aid committee. The family's recreational hobbies include golf and sailing and they spend their summer vocations on Pickering Island in Penobscot Bay, Maine.

Dr. Wakelin is a member of Sigma Xi, the American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Crystallographic Society, Textile Research Institute, the Textile Institute of Great Britain, and he has been a contributor of scientific papers to the Journal of Applied Physics, the Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, and Textile Research Journal in the field of high polymer physics. He is a coauthor, with C. B. Tompkins and W. W. Stifler, Jr., of "High-Speed Computing Devices," published by McGrawHill Book Co. in 1950.

STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Secretary WAKELIN. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, it is a great honor for me to be here this morning to appear before this committee to present an overall picture of the Navy's research and development program. I am quite proud of the work that the Navy is doing in this broad field and am delighted for the opportunity to talk with you about it. In our presentation, I intend to cover some of the broader aspects of the program after which Vice Adm. John T. Hayward will discuss some of our current developments in weapon systems and equipment. Following Admiral Hayward, Rear Adm. T. F. Connolly, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons for Pacific Missile Range and Astronautics, will talk about the Navy's astronautics program.

ORGANIZATION

Last year, before this committee, I mentioned the fact that there had been several organizational changes in the research and development structure of the Navy. The three principal changes that were made were the establishment of an Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, the designation of a Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development, and the merger of the Bureau of Ordnance and the Bureau of Aeronautics into the Bureau of Naval Weapons. In the past year, we have established firm internal policies, procedures, and working relationships among the segments of the Navy's research and development structure and at the present time, I believe we have an efficient, smooth-running organization.

Briefly, as Assistant Secretary for Research and Development, I am responsible for policy, management, and control of Navy research, development, test and evaluation matters, including management of the R.D.T. & E. appropriation. Admiral Hayward, in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, coordinates the preparation of operational requirements for new weapons and equipment and issues them to the Navy bureaus. He also coordinates and integrates the overall Navy research, development, test, and evaluation program for the Chief of Naval Operations. The Navy's research program is similarly coordinated by the Chief of Naval Research, Rear Admiral Coates. Both of these officers, Admiral Hayward and Admiral Coates, work very closely with me and are my advisers in their respective fields.

The detailed execution of the R.D.T. & E. program is the responsibility of the Navy's seven bureaus and offices, and the Marine Corps. Since the number of research and development areas in which the Navy is interested is extremely large, simply by virtue of the technological requirements of our diverse offensive and defensive operations and the media in which we operate-in the air, on the sea, beneath the sea, and on the land-a variety of organizations, facilities, and skills must be employed to carry on our program. A significant part of our program is conducted "in house" by the Navy's complex of laboratories and field activities, each of which has unique capabilities in specialized fields of interest to the Navy. The remainder of the program is executed by Department of Defense laboratories, other

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