mind of the speaker between it and the real Passive, as there is for instance in Hindustani between us-ne aurat màri, and aurat màri gaí. The sense is active though the form is passive. In the one case the agent is known and generally mentioned in the Instrumentative case; in the other the agent is not known or mentioned.

DÁн-HANU LOVE SONG.

Mi

müshü Skishur qaniya kàskyé skyet-tò I young-man (pro. name mountain below if-I-look of place)

Bòs Father's

payül şi-chun; toto huñskyé skyet-tò home see makes; and above if-I-look Numès payül zi-chuñ. Zü-lo Qodà nasîb tüni té. (name of woman) home see-makes. Pray God fate joined make.

in genitive

"If I look below, from the Skishur mountain,
"My father's home is seen (makes itself seen);
And if I look above,

"Nümé's home is seen. Grant, O God, that
our destinies may be united !"

ANALYSIS: Skyet-tò is the Conditional, answering to kutet-tò. Payül would seem to be compounded of the Tibetan word yül "village" and a prefix pa. Zi-chun is composed of the verb "to see", plus the 3rd pers. sing. of the aorist of the verb "to do", answering to the typical form kutyuñ. Zu-lö is the Bròkpà form of the common Tibetan salutation jù or ju-lé, which is like the Hind. jî. Qodà (Khudà) and nasìb are words borrowed from their Musalmàn neighbours, apparently in the absence of any words of the same meaning in their own dialect. Té is the Imperative.

that

D. sé-ré or asé-ré ......to that (f. résé-ré)

Acc. sè or asé or do...that (f. résé)

Abl. sé-zo or asé-zo...from that (f. resé-zo)

Instr. sési or àsi ......by that (f, rési)

nino or anino

ni or ani

ni-sa or ani-sa
(before Tr. V.
not Past T.)

...

Plural.

ye

you
...from you
with you

ré or pero (f. ra)

ré-sa (f. ra-sa) be-
fore Tr. V. not
Past Tense

these

When these pronouns are prefixed to substantives, their case-affixes are detached from them and placed after the substantives only, in the form peculiar to the latter; e. g., ani mazàr-tang-o, not ani-so mazàr-tang-o. N. rò (ré fem)

rò-sa (f. ré-sa). before Tr. V. not in Past Tense

G. sò or aso (f. réso).....of that also asé-séi

...of these

nino-ré or anino-ré ...to these
nino or anino............these
nino-zo or anino-zo ...from these
nino-za or anino-za ...by these

those

reno or peràno ......of those
(f. rano)

reno-re or peràno-re to those
(f. rano-re)

reno or peràno ......those
(f. rano)

reno-zo or peràno-zo...from those
(f. rano-zo)

reno-za or perano-...by those
za (f. rano-za)

N. ké or kési (?)

G. Icéso

D. késé-re

Acc. késé (?)
Abl. késé-zo (?)

Instr. ké-si

Relative Pronoun.

S. 1.

miàno

tàno

resano or tomo

whom

assano

tsano

from whom
by whom

renano or tomo

The Relative Pronoun is used like the Hindustani jo, jis-ka, &c., followed by a corresponding demonstrative pronoun later in the sentence: a pronoun do seems to be specially employed for this, like so in Hindustani, but the other demonstrative pronouns are also used.

THE VERB "to be."

Present and Future.

F. moñ hànis tu hàni

ré hàni

bé haiñs

tsa haint
ra hanié

Past (Imperfect).
moñ àsilyis

M.

S. 1. moñ hànos or hañs

2.

tu hàno or haoñ

3.

ro hàno or haoñ

PI. 1.

bé hànis or hàng

2.

tso hànet or hànt

3. rẻ hàn

a

moñ àsilòs

2. tu àsilo

3.

ro àsilo

Pl. 1. bé àsilis

2. tso àsilet

3. ré àsile

who

of whom

to whom

S. 1. moñ àsilòzto

2.

tu asiloto

3.

ro asilto

Pl. 1.

be asilezto

2.

tso asiletto

3.

re asilto

Ꮐ

Personal Adjectival Pronouns.

my own
they own
his own

our own

tu àsilie

ré àsilie

bé àsilyis

tsa àsiliet

ra àsilie

CONDITIONAL.

Past.

moñ asilazto

tu asilato

ré asilto

bé asilaseto

tsa asilateto
rà asilato

your own
their own

I am or shall be
thou art &c.

he, she is &c.

we are &c.

ye are &c. they are &c.

I was (lit. I was being)

thou wast

he, she was

we were

ye were
they were

if I were

if thou wert

if he, she were

if we were

if

ye were

if they were

THE IRREGULAR VERB "to become."

Present.

Infinitive and Supine: bono "to become," or, "in order to become." Imperative, bé "become."