صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني

With regard to roots ending ini, the following are the forms

[blocks in formation]

Other verbs of the third conjugation form their causals by adding

*rāw (viii. iv. 20). Before this,—

if the root vowel is चa it becomes

a.

[merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

if the final consonant of the root is at it becomes ts.

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small]

[The only root of the third conjugation which ends in this path, become, and, according to my Pandit, its causal is regular, पाथनावान् छुड् pāthanāwān chuh. पोक्रावान् कुछ pātsharāwān chuh, is possible, but unusual].

[blocks in formation]

The verb ▼ tsok, if it means 'be sour,' makes its causal agang tsṬkarāwān chuh; but if it means 'be angry,' its causal is चुक्रावान् tsukarāwān chuh. The verb khal, be loose, makes its causal व॑ल्रावान् बुद्ध् khalarāwān chah, or खेजावान् बुद्ध् khajarāwān chuh.

The following verbs form their causals optionally by adding either anaw, or raw, (viii. iv. 19, 21, 22, 23).

[blocks in formation]

Thus, चौब्रावान् कुछ tsinarāvān chuh, or चेनमावान् बुड् tsēnandwin chuh; च॑ल्रावान् बुह tsalerāwän chuh, or चलनावान् बुद्ध् tsalanāvān chuth ; य॑ठ्रावान् बुद्ध् !yatharāwān chuh, or घटनावान् बुड् !yathanāwān chuh.

chakăn chuh,

The root chak does not alter its meaning in the causal in arāw. Thus, aa chạkarāwān chuh, both mean 'he scatters. To give a causal meaning it has a chakanāwān chuh, or dagaiala gẹ chạkaranāwān chuh.

The root chap has for its causal quia ẹ chạparāwān chuh, छपनावान् बुद्ध् chapanñwān chuh, or ♚प्रावान् छुछ chöparācān cluth.

The following verbs of the third conjugation form their cansals in anāw, and not in arāw (viii. iv. 17). kats, be wet; a goh, shine; ग्रक grak, boil over ; जीत zot, shine ; ट्क ! k, run; तेल tel, smart ; तोष tōş, be satisfied (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation); dōr, run; af¶ nap, shine; nil, become blue; fu pis, boil over; pēḍ, exude; pōr, be competent; IT prār, wait (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation); phab, be excellent;

old (of clothes); phuc or

phar, be stolen; phal, become phuh, be inwardly angry; phër,

go round; ì phōr, quiver (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs

[blocks in formation]

All causal verbs in raw, may optionally drop the syllable āw in

the termination, and add er instead of

raw (viii. iv. 24). Thus,

We may have

Instead of

केल्रावान् हुड् kalarāvān chuh

केल्रान् बुद्ध् lalarān chuh

[ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

The following verbs form their causals by merely lengthening their root vowels (viii. iv. 28).

[blocks in formation]

When mar (18, 28), means 'unite,' and when lag (28) means "suffer pain,' or 'fit,' they are regular. Thus,

[ocr errors]

maranāwān chuh, he causes to unite; laganāwān chuh, he causes to suffer pain.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

Before proceeding to the consideration of the conjugation of the verb, it is necessary to describe in detail one remarkable feature of the Kāçmiri language, which it shares with other languages of the NorthWestern group of the Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, namely, the facility with which the meaning of the verbal stem can be modified by the addition of suffixes. Indeed, it may be said that, given the form of a tense-stem, there is usually no conjugation, in the proper sense of the word, at all. In most cases, suffixes, which may be added, or detached, at pleasure, and most of which have an independent recognised existence, are added, and give the various modifications of meaning which we designate number and person, or of negation, affirmation, and so on, by forming true compound words, and without becoming merged in the base in the form of terminations. Thus, take the word akar. This means 'made,' and may mean, 'made by me,' ' made by us,' 'made by him' and so on. That is to say, it means, 'I made,' ' we made,'' he made,' &c. If we wish to lay stress on the person who made, we may say afı a¶ tạmi kạr", ‘by him made,' i.e., 'he made.' Instead, however of using af tam, the instrumental singular of the third

« السابقةمتابعة »