With regard to roots ending ini, the following are the forms

Other verbs of the third conjugation form their causals by adding

if the final consonant of the root is at it becomes ts.

[The only root of the third conjugation which ends in th is path, become, and, according to my Pandit, its causal is regular, पाथनावान् बुद्ध् pāthanāwān chuh. पोरावान कुछ pātsharawän chuh, is possible, but unusual].

The verb

tsok, if it means 'be sour,' makes its causal ana ▼tsõkarāwān chuh; but if it means 'be angry,' its causal is चुक्रावान् tsukorāwān chuh. The verb khal, be loose, makes its {causal khalarāwān chuh, or खजुरावान् बुद्ध् khajarāwān chuth.

The following verbs form their causals optionally by adding either anāw, or rāw, (viii. iv. 19, 21, 22, 23).

Thus, चौब्रावान् कुछ tsinarāvān chuh, or ब्रेनमावान् बुह tsēnan win chuh; च॒ल्रावान् कुछ talarāwän chuh, or चलनावान् बुद्ध् tsalandwān chuh; य॑द्रावान् बुद्ध !yatharāwān chuh, or वठनावान् कुछ tyathanāvān chuh.

The root

chak does not alter its meaning in the causal in arāw. Thus, छकान् बुद् chakän chuh, छेकावान् बुद्ध् chakarāvān chuh, both mean 'he scatters.' To give a causal meaning it has

chuh, or ब॑क॒नावान् कुछ chakaranāwān chuh.

aa chakanāwān

The root au chap has for its causal audi đã chạp rāvān chủ, छपनावान् बुद्ध् chapaniñiwan chuh, or छेप्रावान् बुड् chöparāvān chuth.

The following verbs of the third conjugation form their causals in anāw, and not in arāw (viii. iv. 17). kets, be wet; a goh, shine;

ग्रक grak, boil over ; जीत zot, shine ; ट्क ! k, run ; तेल tel, smart ; तोष tōs, be satisfied (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation); dōr, run; dia nãp, shine; nil, become blue;

fu pis, boil over; pēd, exude; pōr, be competent; t prār, wait (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation); phab, be excellent; phar, be stolen; phal, become phuh, be inwardly angry; phēr, फेर

old (of clothes); phuc or

go round; ◄ phōr, quiver (according to my Pandit, this verb belongs

All causal verbs in raw, may optionally drop the syllable āw in

the termination, and add or instead of

raw (viii. iv. 24). Thus,

The following verbs form their causals by merely lengthening their root vowels (viii. iv. 28).

atar, be crossed. Causal

मर mur, die.

dal, pass over.

lag, be with.

▼ tărăn chuh, he crosses.

AITIT TE mārān chuh, he kills.

Cia ▼ ḍālẫn chuh, he causes to pass over.

lāgān chuh, he unites.

When mar (18, 28), means 'unite,' and when means "suffer pain,' or 'fit,' they are regular. Thus,

maranāwān chuh, he causes to unite;

causes to suffer pain.

The following are quite irregular,—

laganāwān chuh, he

▼▼ zōvarẫn chuh, he brings forth (26).

aiti ax khārān chuh, he causes to ascend (29).

A wärẫn chuh, he brings down

(29).

Before proceeding to the consideration of the conjugation of the verb, it is necessary to describe in detail one remarkable feature of the Kāçmiri language, which it shares with other languages of the NorthWestern group of the Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, namely, the facility with which the meaning of the verbal stem can be modified by the addition of suffixes. Indeed, it may be said that, given the form of a tense-stem, there is usually no conjugation, in the proper sense of the word, at all. In most cases, suffixes, which may be added, or detached, at pleasure, and most of which have an independent recognised existence, are added, and give the various modifications of meaning which we designate number and person, or of negation, affirmation, and so on, by forming true compound words, and without becoming merged in the base in the form of terminations. Thus, take the word kara. This means made,' and may mean, 'made by me,'' made by us,' made by him' and so on. That is to say, it means, 'I made,' we made,'' he made,' &c. If we wish to lay stress on the person who made, we may say afŋ aq tạmi kar”, ‘by him made,' i.e., 'he made.' Instead, however of using af tami, the instrumental singular of the third

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