The historical Muhammad

Preface Introduction and Overview of the Life of Muhammad Donner’s Reply to the Skeptics Enter Muhammad: An Overview The Battle of the Trench Chapter One Ibn Khaldun’s Social and Economic Theory Bedouins and Sedentary Peoples Asabiyah Chapter Two Pre-Islamic Arabia The Hijaz on the Eve of the Rise of Islam Pre-Islamic Religion Chapter Three The Role of Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael Who was the Sacrificial Son? The Islamic Theory that Abraham, Ishmael and Hagar Traveled to the Valley of Mecca Abraham, Ishmael and the Kaaba William Muir on the Abrahamic Question Muir on the Founding of Mecca and the Abrahamic Legend Chapter Four Recent and Current Scholarship The Religion of Mecca The Kaaba and Its Devotees Hanifiya and the Religion of Abraham G.E. von Grunebaum, “The Nature of Arab Unity Before Islam” M.J.Kister, “Al-Hira: Some Notes on Its Relations with Arabia” Joseph Henninger, “Pre-Islamic Bedouin Religion” Moshe Gil, “Jews of Yathrib” Fazlur Rahman, “Pre-Foundations of the Muslim Community in Mecca” Uri Rubin, “Hanifiyya and Ka ‘ba: An Inquiry into the Arabian Background of Din Ibrahim” More on Pre-Islamic Religion in the Arabian Peninsula Hamilton A.R. Gibb, “Pre-Islamic Monotheism in Arabia” W. Montgomery Watt, “Belief in a ‘High God’ in Pre-Islamic Mecca” Uri Rubin, “The Kaaba: Aspects of Its Ritual Functions and Position in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times” Chapter Five Possible Influences on Muhammad’s Inspiration Jewish Historians on the Jews of Arabia Baron on Pre-Islamic, Arab-Jewish Relations in Arabia Chapter Six The Jews of Arabia: A Recent Re-Examination Chapter Seven Richard Bell’s Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment Chapter Eight W. Montgomery Watt’s Muhammad at Mecca The Daughters of Allah or the So-called Satanic Verses More on the “Daughters of Allah” Affair A Sociological Argument W. Montgomery Watt’s Muhammad at Medina Chapter Nine Muhammad at Medina: William Muir’s Analysis Muhammad and the Jewish Tribes of Medina The Battle of Badr Current Research on the Massacre of the B. Qurayza The Conquest of Khaybar Chapter Ten Muhammad and the Jews Muhammad and the Jews: G.D. Newby’s Re-Examination of the Evidence Chapter Eleven Concluding Sociological Reflections Abu Bakr and the Ridda Notes Bibliography Index